Albino skin disease, also referred to as albinism, is a collection of inherited conditions. According to the National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation (NOAH), people suffering from albinism produce very little melanin, the pigment responsible for the color of eyes, skin and hair. Melanin is also a vital component in the structure of the optic nerve, a major nerve in the eye. Mayo Clinic states there is no cure for albinism, but measures can be taken to improve vision and protect skin.
Symptoms
According to Mayo Clinic, symptoms of albino skin disease are usually evident by the absence of color in the person's hair, skin and eyes. Skin color can range from milky white to a similar color as family members without albinism. Hair color can be very white to brown and eye color can be light blue to brown. Mayo Clinic explains the colored part of the eye will sometimes appear translucent, causing the eye to look pink or red in certain lighting. Mayo Clinic states all people with albinism experience vision problems. The degree of problems with vision varies from person to person. Common vision problems include involuntary movements of the eye, inability to keep eyes focused on one point, nearsightedness, farsightedness, sensitivity to light and astigmatism. According to NOAH, many albinism vision problems cannot be corrected with glasses.
Causes
According to Mayo Clinic, the cause of albino skin disease is genetic. Albinism results from a mutation of one of several genes. Each of these genes is responsible for helping produce melanin. Mayo Clinic states two mutated genes must be inherited---one from the mother and one from the father---to have albinism. One mutated gene will not cause albino skin disease.
Complications
Albinism affects the entire person. According to Mayo Clinic, complications include physical and mental challenges. Skin disorders are the most serious problem associated with albino skin disease. Sunburn and skin cancer risks increase in albinism. Emotional factors such as social isolation, low self-esteem and stress are the result of negative reactions from other people. Mayo Clinic attests albinism sufferers are subjected to name calling, teasing and questions related to their appearance.
Diagnosis
According to Mayo Clinic, a complete diagnostic exam includes a physical, explanation of pigment changes, pigment history and a thorough eye exam.
Treatments
Mayo Clinic states treatments for albinism are limited because of the genetic nature of the disorder. People with albino skin disease may wear prescription eyeglasses to improve vision. Surgery on the eye or nerves in the eye may be required. According to Mayo Clinic, annual eye and skin exams are a lifetime necessity.
