Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may lead to many different signs and symptoms, but none of them are specific. That is, no specific single symptom or symptom complex indicates an HIV infection. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, many people who have been infected by the virus do not develop signs of illness for many years. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is a result of advanced disease related to HIV infection and carries a different set of signs/symptoms than early infection.
Acute Retroviral Syndrome
The initial signs and symptoms of HIV infection typically develop two to four weeks after the virus enters the bloodstream. Most, but not all, of those who acquire the virus will develop symptoms. Emedicine.com notes that approximately one-third of infected individuals display no symptoms. Affected people may have symptoms resembling those of other viral infections. Flu-like symptoms of fever, headache, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes and a nonspecific rash are typical, notes the Mayo Clinic. Those suffering these symptoms may not be able to differentiate them from a cold or influenza or other non-specific viral infections. Fatigue and malaise, a general unwell feeling, are possible.
Asymptomatic HIV Infection
After the resolution of the initial stage of infection, a relatively quiet phase ensues. At this time, the only outward signs of the disease may be enlarged and swollen lymph nodes. Any nodes in the body could be affected, but the most commonly noted are those under the jaw, above the collar bones, in the armpits and in the groin.
Chronic HIV Disease (Early Stage)
The serious signs and symptoms--such as fatigue, loss of appetite and weight loss--begin to develop usually years after the initial infection. Fever and night sweats are relatively common. Pharyngitis, sore throat and oral fungal infections are seen, as are continued swelling of lymph nodes. Gastrointestinal symptoms may include nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Aches of the head, muscles and joints are frequently noted. Low counts of red blood cells and platelets may be discovered in the blood. Shingles and various rashes may affect the skin.
