A seizure or convulsion is an abnormal discharge of electrical energy in the neurons of the brain. Neurons are the cells that make up the brain and the nervous system. They communicate with each other by electrical signals that can misfire, causing a seizure. Seizures in children can be frightening. Some are generalized with whole body shaking, or partial, with only one part of the body or face twitching. There are many causes of seizures in a child.
Fevers
Febrile seizures are one of the most common types of seizures in children, according to Epilepsy.com. They occur in children between 6-months and 6-years of age. These seizures happen when the child has a fever, usually due to infection. Specifically, the seizure occurs when the fever spikes suddenly. These seizures are brief, usually lasting less than 15 minutes and with no long-term consequences. These seizures do tend to reoccur, so care must be taken any time the child has a fever. Most patients with febrile seizure do not need long-term anti-seizure medicines.
Infections
Another common cause of seizure in children is infection, says the Epilepsy Foundation. Central nervous system infections such as meningitis and encephalitis can trigger seizures. Meningitis is an infection of the meninges, or the lining of the brain. Encephalitis is an infection of the brain's tissue. Viruses and bacteria usually cause both of these infections. Bacterial infections can be serious, even fatal, and require prompt diagnosis and treatment.
Viral infections are usually milder, and patients typically recover without problems. Both viruses and bacteria can cause seizures by directly inflaming the brain, or by causing brain swelling which increases the pressure inside the skull. Most patients with seizures triggered by infections need long-term anti-seizure medicines.
Metabolic conditions
Several diseases can affect the body's electrolyte and nutrient balance, resulting in a seizure in a child.
Seizure can be an initial indication of juvenile-onset diabetes. The seizure usually results from the inability of the body to deliver glucose to the brain. Glucose is the brain's main fuel and lack of it can lead to a seizure.
Dehydration from gastroenteritis can affect the body's sodium concentration. Sodium is an important electrolyte that helps keep fluids inside the serum. Rapid correction of abnormal serum sodium levels can cause brain swelling and produce a seizure.
