A range-of-motion exercise refers to repetitive, physical movement of the joints in the body. This is especially important in elderly people who have been subjected to bed rest or are rehabilitating after a lengthy illness or stroke. Range of motion can be assisted by a medical professional or caregiver. Most range-of-motion exercises are recommended by a physical therapist so that the patient can receive active care between visits. The goal of range-of-motion activities is to help strengthen the muscle groups and make the patient as mobile as possible.
Activities for the Active Elderly
An active elderly person is someone who minimally depends on others. He rarely needs assistance and can generally complete range-of-motion activities independently. Before a therapist assigns a range-of-motion activity, the patient is often evaluated with a tool called a goniometer. This device determines the range of motion by measuring the axis of the spine and how far the body can stretch and reach in a series of test moves. The main goal with most active elderly patients is to strengthen their muscles and increase flexibility to keep joints moving. One activity includes using light weights to hold the muscle groups in place for several seconds; this helps build muscle strength. Another activity is neuromuscular facilitation. This involves applying strong resistance to the opposite side of the body that has limited range of motion. For example, if an individual is experiencing tension in the right shoulder, he may use resistance bands and stretch his arms and shoulders by focusing more on the left side rather than the right, until he can build up to the same amount of motion with each shoulder. After multiple exercises, he will experience the contraction to help contract the opposite series of muscles in hopes to add or regain strength.
Activities for the Active-Assist Elderly
Active-assist elderly patients are still independent but need help with range-of-motion activities. An example of an activity for this type of person may include a coordination exercise. This activity is beneficial to someone who has suffered a stroke, brain injury and some forms of dementia. A coordination exercise helps the individual maintain independence through increased muscle and joint stability and strength. Support is provided throughout the activity while allowing the patient to focus on the task at hand. Repeatedly picking up objects or touching body parts such as finger to nose or elbow to knee will help the person learn repetition once again while regaining coordination.
Passive Activities
Passive elderly patients are people who are bedridden or in some cases completely unresponsive. Because they are unable to move on their own or are limited in their mobility, they are at risk for developing bed sores. A passive range-of-motion activity requires help from the caregiver. The first step is to improve the range of motion for the arms and legs. This activity includes repetitions of joint movement back and forth and side to side. Leg exercises are also important and involve stretching and bending in repetition. The caregiver or therapist should gently massage the extremities before performing the activity to increase blood flow to the area and prevent muscle cramping.
