Perimenopause is a term that describes the changes that occur in a woman's reproductive system as menopause approaches. A woman enters menopause when she has not had a menstrual period for one year. Although it is not an illness, the signs of perimenopause can be uncomfortable and stressful for many women.
Cause
The National Institutes of Health describes perimenopause as the stage in a woman's reproductive life when the ovaries begin to slow down production of the hormones estrogen and progesterone in preparation for the end of the child-bearing years. These hormones are responsible for the regulation of the menstrual cycle and the functions of the reproductive organs. As a woman nears menopause, fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone generate the signs and symptoms.
Age of Onset
The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists states that the average woman becomes perimenopausal between the ages of 45 and 55, although perimenopause may begin earlier. The National Institute of Women's Heath emphasizes that the age of onset for perimenopause varies among women.
Signs and Symptoms
The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists cites changes in the menstrual cycle as one of the first signs many women notice. Periods may be more frequent and bleeding may be heavier. Sleep problems, hot flashes, night sweats, mood changes and loss of mental focus are also commonly reported by perimenopausal women.
Diagnosis
Experts at the Mayo Clinic advise tracking periods and all symptoms so that when you see a doctor, she will be able to review your journal to get a picture of what you are experiencing. A good medical history is essential to diagnosing perimenopause. Blood tests to measure hormone levels may also be used, although Mayo Clinic experts caution that since hormones fluctuate, blood tests alone cannot be used to make a diagnosis.
Birth Control Pills
A doctor may prescribe birth control pills that contain estrogen and progesterone to ease the symptoms of perimenopause if you are not already taking them for birth control. The National Institute of Women's Health stresses that it is possible to become pregnant during perimenopause until menstrual periods cease. Birth control pills can relieve heavy or irregular periods and painful cramps.
Hormone Replacement Therapy
Hormone replacement therapy differs from birth control pills in that it delivers lower doses of hormones; however, these medications have been associated with health risks including heart disease, stroke and cancer. Women should talk with their doctors about the risks versus benefits if they are considering hormone replacement therapy.
Self-Care
Experts at the National Institute of Women's Health and the Mayo Clinic agree that eating healthy meals, exercising regularly and managing stress can both ease the symptoms of perimenopause and increase the ability to cope with them. A diet packed with fiber, fruit, vegetables, whole grains, calcium and vitamin D helps maintain strong bones and heart health. Exercise improves mood, aids sleep and helps maintain weight. Stress busters like meditation can help to maintain perspective and energize the spirit.
