Asthma is a common immunological problem that affects the respiratory system and impedes lung function. Asthma usually manifests itself in children, though it can also appear for the first time in adults. Asthma can be caused by a number of factors, including allergies. Although asthma cannot be cured, a number of treatments can reduce its symptoms.
Pathology
Asthma is the result of immune hypersensitivity in the respiratory tract. Adults with asthma can have acute asthma attacks in response to certain triggers. When the linings of the respiratory system are exposed to these triggers, the immune system generates a strong inflammatory response, leading to swelling and contraction of the airways as well as increased mucus production.
Triggers
Triggers, as defined by the Mayo Clinic, are substances that bring on or aggravate an asthma attack. Many asthma triggers are airborne and include smoke, dust, pet dander, dust mites and mold. Cold air can also trigger asthma attacks for some patients. Other asthmatic adults may develop symptoms in response to food allergies (such as peanuts) or acid reflux. Asthma can also be triggered by stress, physical activity and some medications, such as aspirin and beta-blockers.
Symptoms
Asthma can cause a variety of symptoms, the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) says. Patients with asthma often have a chronic cough, which can be worse at night. Wheezing is also common as a result of turbulence caused by narrow airways. During acute asthma attacks, adults may experience chest tightness and have extreme shortness of breath. Severe asthma attacks may cause enough problems that they require hospitalization.
Diagnosis
Patients who have frequent bouts of shortness of breath and wheezing may be suspected of having asthma, Medline says. A diagnosis of asthma is usually confirmed by using a series of tests called pulmonary function tests, which measure lung function. One portion of this test that can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatments is called the peak flow test, in which the patient blows into a tube that has an indicator. This can show how fast the air is leaving the lungs. An X-ray of the lungs may be taken to rule out other diseases that cause similar symptoms.
Treatment
Multiple medications can be used to treat the symptoms of asthma. Quick relief medications, according to the Mayo Clinic, work to rapidly relax and open the airways. These inhaled medications include short-acting bronchodilators such as albuterol and inhaled corticosteroids. Long-term relief can be achieved by using long-acting bronchodilators such as salmeterol (which can also be inhaled) as well as luekotriene modifiers (such as montelukast). Cromolyn and theophylline are two other treatments that can be used to alleviate the symptoms of chronic asthma.
