Osteoporosis is a bone-degenerating disease that causes low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, according to the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF). The disease increases the risk for bone fractures throughout the body. The bones can become so fragile that a simple fall or even a sneeze leads to bone breakage in serious cases. Eighty percent of patients with osteoporosis are women, the NOF says.
Symptoms
Symptoms of osteoporosis usually appear when the bones have become weakened, the Mayo Clinic says. The signs may include severe back pain following a fracture or collapsed vertebra. Any fracture may be a sign, especially for people at high risk for osteoporosis. Loss of height over time and a stooped posture are other symptoms.
Risks
Although osteoporosis can happen to all people, certain groups are more at risk, the NOF notes. People over age 65, women, people who are small and thin, and those with a family history of osteoporosis or a history of broken bones are more likely to develop the disease. Other risk factors for osteoporosis include a diet low in calcium and vitamin D or an excessive intake of protein, sodium and caffeine. Inactive lifestyles, smoking and alcohol abuse put people at risk for the disease.
Testing
There is no cure for osteoporosis, but bone-forming medications can treat or prevent the disease. Symptoms of osteoporosis often don't show up until the bones are already weakened. However, bone mineral density tests can measure the bone density in various parts of the body. People who are at high risk can benefit from the tests, which can reveal if they are prone to the disease or might be at risk for fractures in the near future.
Considerations
The NOF recommends bone mineral density tests for women older than 65, men older than 70, men between 50 and 70 who have at least one risk factor, postmenopausal women, women who have experienced early menopause and people over 50 with a history of a broken bone. People who take medications associated with osteoporosis, including prednisone, aromatase inhibitors and anti-seizure drugs, are also advised to have tests.
Prevention
Most adult bone mass is acquired by age 18 in females and age 20 in males, the NOF points out, so building strong bones in the early years is a good way to prevent osteoporosis later in life. The foundation recommends young people, as well as people of all ages, get the daily recommended amounts of calcium and vitamin D. Participate in a regular muscle-strengthening exercise program and avoid smoking and excessive alcohol, which contribute to the disease.
