Substance abuse is a condition where there is physical dependence on a substance and the illness affects the relationships of the people around the user, according to "Fundamentals of Mental Health Nursing" by Kathy Neeb. Illegal substances most often abused are marijuana, cocaine, crack, PCP (phenlcyclohexyl piperidine), heroin, methamphetamine, inhalants, and prescription medication when not used as ordered by the physician, says Neeb.
Behavioral Symptoms
The American College of Emergency Room Physicians states initial warning signs may include becoming less responsible, coming home late and dishonesty. Engaging in high-risk behaviors, like sharing dirty needles and unprotected sex can become causes for concern. Making uncharacteristic lifestyle changes such as changing friends abruptly, new interests and hygiene deterioration can also indicate symptoms of drug abuse. Drops in attendance and job or school performance can be accompanied with increased disciplinary problems, such as violence or illegal activities, should also throw out red flags.
Physical Symptoms
In 2001, the American College of Emergency Room Physicians reported more than half a million drug-related emergencies. Physical exams to determine possible drug abuse start with a visual assessment. Physical warning signs of drug abuse that manifest visually can include bloodshot eyes, dilated pupils, high blood pressure, runny nose and needle track marks on the legs or arms. According to Neeb, most substance abusers build up tolerance of the drug, the need for an increased amount of it to produce a high and experience withdrawal when they can't get more. Signs of withdrawal from narcotic drugs can present as flu like symptoms, per Dr. Anthony Freeman of the Great Seal Pain Management Clinic in Chillicothe, Ohio. Other signs, such as difficulty concentrating, weight loss, slurred speech, decreases in coordination and a general spaced-out appearance, may present.
Psychological Symptoms
The American College of Emergency Room Physicians states unexplained changes in attitude, like becoming more irritable, withdrawing from family or friends, becoming defiant and over sensitivity, as signs of illegal drug abuse. Angry outbursts and unpredictable mood swings also prove possible signs of drug use, per Melinda Smith, M.A., and Joanna Saisan, MSW of HelpGuide.org. Periods of unusual hyperactivity, appearance of fearfulness, anxiety may also manifest along with feelings of paranoia with no reason.
Possession Drug Paraphernalia
Drug paraphernalia usually remains in a user's possession. These items may include cigarette rolling papers for making marijuana joints, pipes to smoke illegal drugs, clips, bongs, and syringes used for injectable narcotics. Unexplained cash may be a sign of not only drug use but also illegal drug sales, according to the American College of Emergency Room Physicians.
References
- American College of Emergency Physicians: Illegal Drug Use
- "Fundamentals of Mental Health Nursing"; by Kathy Neeb; 2006
- HelpGuide.ORG: Drug Abuse and Addiction
- Dr. Anthony Freeman, D.O.; Great Seal Pain Management; Chillicothe, Ohio
