The intestines are responsible for absorbing nutrients and water. The small intestine absorbs most of the nutrients from ingested food, whereas the large intestine absorbs water and compacts fecal matter. Inflammation of either intestine can lead to dysentery (which is also known as diarrhea), which can lead to problems with frequent bowel movements.
Symptoms
The classic symptoms of dysentery are frequent bowel movements (more than three times per day) with the stools being loose and watery. The Mayo Clinic explains that patients with dysentery may also experience abdominal pain and cramping. Blood in the stool and bloating are other possible symptoms of dysentery. If the dysentery is the result of an infection, the patient may also develop a fever. In severe cases, dysentery can lead to dehydration due to fluid loss.
Causes
There are many different causes of dysentery, according to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders (NIDDK). Some cases of dysentery are the result of an infection. Various bacteria (including Campylobacter and E. coli), viruses (rotavirus and cytomegalovirus) and some parasites (Giardia and Entamoeba histolytica) can all cause infectious dysentery. Dysentery can also be the result of food intolerance or as a side effect of some medications. Inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) can also lead to dysentery.
Seeing a Doctor
Most cases of dysentery will go away on their own, so in general patients do not need to see a doctor. Severe dysentery, on the other hand, may necessitate medical attention. Patients should see a doctor if they have bloody or tarry stools, or if they experience severe abdominal pain. Signs of dehydration (which include chronic dry mouth, excessive thirst, dizziness, severe weakness, dark urine and reduced urinary output) also require a visit to the doctor.
Diagnosis
In the event that dysentery requires medical attention, there are a variety of tests that can be done to determine the source. A physical exam and medical history (which will include questions about the patient's recent diet) can help determine the cause. Infectious dysentery can be detected via stool cultures and blood tests. Fasting tests, in which the patient avoids certain kinds of food, can be used to diagnose food intolerances. A colonoscopy can be used to see if inflammatory bowel disease or other disorders are causing the symptoms.
Treatment
Dysentery will often go away on its own. The Mayo Clinic explains that in general, patients should drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration. If the cause of the dysentery is bacterial, antibiotics may help, but they cannot treat all cases of infectious dysentery, such as those caused by viruses. If a food or medication is responsible for the symptoms, these substances should be avoided. If an underlying medical problem (such as inflammatory bowel disease) is causing the dysentery, the dysentery will go away if the other disorder is treated.
