Cancer that forms in the cervix is usually slow-growing and almost always caused by infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), according to the National Cancer Institute. Early on, cervical cancer rarely has symptoms, but it is easily found with a Pap smear, which tests for abnormal cells from the cervix using a microscope, according to the American Cancer Society. Infections and other factors may cause the same kinds of symptoms as cervical cancer, but do not always indicate a malignancy. A woman should talk to her doctor if any of these symptoms are present. Screening, including pelvic exams, finds early cervical cancers, which are easier to treat.
Vaginal Bleeding
When cancer of the cervix grows larger or spreads to nearby organs, abnormal vaginal bleeding can occur. Abnormal bleeding consists of bleeding after sex, between menstrual periods, after douching or after a pelvic exam. It is important to report any unusual bleeding to the doctor immediately.
Menstrual Bleeding
Menstrual periods that are heavier than normal may be a symptom of cervical cancer. Periods may also last longer than usual. If menstrual periods are usually very regular and suddenly become irregular, talk to a doctor.
Bleeding After Menopause
Menopause--when the ovaries no longer produce eggs and hormone levels decrease--is marked by irregular periods and then the cessation of menstrual periods. Bleeding after menopause can be a symptom of cancer of the cervix. During menopause, regular examination by a doctor is important. The irregular periods of menopause could mask signs of cervical cancer or other problems.
Vaginal Discharge
Any vaginal discharge that is not a normal period may be a symptom of cervical cancer. The discharge can be heavy, watery, tinged with blood or foul smelling. Vaginal discharge can be a symptom of other issues, including yeast infections. Any questions about discharges from the vagina should be discussed with a doctor before self-treating.
Pain
Any pelvic pain or feelings of fullness or pressure in the pelvis should be discussed with the doctor. Pain after sex can also be a sign of cervical cancer. Abdominal pain can be a symptom of advanced cervical cancer as cervical cancer first spreads to nearby organs.
Genital Lesions
HPV infections cause changes in cells that may turn into cervical cancer. Genital warts, cauliflower looking growths, do not usually turn into cervical cancer. Higher grade HPV infections lasting more than two years are more likely to transition into a malignancy. Flat, nearly invisible lesions may be evident on the cervix and only detected by a Pap smear. According to the National Cancer Institute, persistent HPV infections are the major cause of cervical cancer.
