The South Carolina Department of Mental Health estimates 2 to 3 percent of women in the United States suffer with bulimia, characterized by episodes of extreme overeating followed by purging. Methods of purging include self-induced vomiting, laxative abuse, diuretic abuse or excessive exercise. Physical health consequences resulting from repeated vomiting or overuse of medications are known to be lethal.
Mouth, Throat and Gastrointestinal Side Effects
The National Institute of Mental Health describes decaying teeth in a bulimic, as the enamel is eroded from frequent vomiting. The throat may frequently feel sore and irritated. A more serious complication from forced vomiting is tears in the esophagus, known as Mallory-Weiss syndrome. These are usually evident from blood in the vomit. Cauterization may be required for repair and surgery is needed in rare cases. If a rupture occurs in the esophagus, food and fluid that have been swallowed can leak into the space between the membrane layers that cover the lungs. Surgical repair is required and there is a high risk of death, according to the Merck Manuals online medical library.
The National Women's Health Information Center lists effects on the stomach including ulcers, delayed emptying of the stomach, and esophageal reflux; and in the intestine, diarrhea, constipation, bloating and cramping resulting from laxative abuse. Constipation may be chronic and a dependence on laxatives can develop.
Heart and Blood Side Effects
Irregular heartbeat, a weakened heart muscle, and heart failure can result from bulimia. Electrolyte imbalances, such as low potassium or magnesium levels, can contribute to heart irregularities. Dehydration can occur from fluid loss in vomiting, diarrhea or diuretic abuse. Medline Plus reports severe dehydration can be life-threatening. Anemia can also result from bulimic behaviors.
Other Physical Side Effects
The kidneys can suffer damage from diuretic abuse. Swollen glands may be present in the neck and under the jaw due to frequent vomiting. People with bulimia can also experience muscle fatigue. Hormone imbalances can cause irregular menstrual cycles and even cessation of monthly periods. Knuckle abrasions, scars, or calluses may be evident if the bulimic induces vomiting by putting her fingers down her throat. Dry skin may be apparent. Eyes may have small burst blood vessels from forced vomiting.
Mental and Emotional Side Effects
Those who suffer from bulimia experience guilt, shame, anxiety, and obsession with weight and body image. Seeking professional treatment is encouraged for anyone with emotional or physical symptoms of bulimia.
