The American Cancer Society describes radiation as high-energy rays aimed at cancerous cells in order to kill them. Radiation stops the cancer cells from growing and multiplying, but it also can damage normal, healthy cells surrounding the treatment area, either temporarily or permanently. This causes side effects, many of which dissipate after treatment ends, but some may linger for a time.
Skin Changes
Radiation can cause changes in skin in the area that was irradiated. Your skin may turn red, similar to a sunburn, then start to peel or blister. Or it might become irritated and swollen. These side effects usually resolve themselves after treatment has ended, but sometimes the affected skin will remain darker than the rest of the skin on your body, according to the American Cancer Society. Things you can do to minimize discomfort include not wearing tight clothes on the affected area, using lukewarm water and mild soap on it and keeping the affected area out of direct sunlight for at least one year. Ask your treatment team about creams or lotions that will not irritate irradiated skin.
Nausea and Vomiting
The National Cancer Institute lists nausea and vomiting as possible side effects of radiation therapy, especially if you receive radiation to the stomach, colon, parts of the brain and small intestine. Eating small meals during treatment, having food lukewarm (avoiding extremes in temperature) and eating bland foods can help. Your health care provider also might prescribe anti-emetic medications, which are medications that help prevent vomiting.
Fatigue
Radiation therapy can cause fatigue, which often becomes more pronounced as treatment progresses. According to The National Cancer Institute, fatigue can last for up to a year after treatment has ended. It can be caused by stress, anxiety, depression or medications. It can also be a result of low blood cell counts; a decreased red blood cell count can cause anemia, and a lowered white blood cell count can increase the risk of infections, further weakening the body. To minimize fatigue during radiation, get eight hours of sleep each night, plan rest times and do some moderate exercise, such as walking.
Mouth Changes
Receiving radiation to the head or neck can cause side effects in the mouth, including sores, loss of taste, dry mouth, tooth decay and gum infections. Some of these side effects dissipate once treatment ends, but some, such as changes in the way food tastes or having a dry mouth, may be permanent. Before starting radiation therapy, see your dentist to ensure that your mouth is healthy and in the best shape possible. To minimize side effects during treatment, drink water throughout the day, brush your teeth with an extra-soft toothbrush, eat soft foods and do not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol. Your health care team can provide more information to keep your mouth as healthy as possible.
