The adrenal glands are small, triangle-shaped glands that sit atop both kidneys. Each gland has two layers and each layer is responsible for producing important hormones. The adrenal cortex, or outer layer, synthesizes and secretes cortisol, aldosterone and some precursors to sex hormones (such as estrogen and testosterone). The adrenal medulla, or inner layer, produces epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline). Adrenal fatigue is the term that describes a set of symptoms that can arise when the adrenals are essentially tired of secreting the hormones they typically secrete.
Symptoms
Because the adrenals synthesize and secrete such a variety of hormones, the symptoms of adrenal fatigue vary widely as well. Classic adrenal fatigue presents as low energy, cravings for caffeine and sugar, blood sugar imbalance, dizziness upon standing, lowered immune system and anxiety or depression. Because the adrenals contribute to sex hormone production, infertility and thyroid imbalance may also be related to adrenal fatigue.
Causes
Chronic stress is the main cause of adrenal fatigue. The adrenals secrete cortisol and epinephrine in response to stress. This response is part of the sympathetic nervous system, which is meant to support the body in responding to an acute stressor. When this stress response is continuously triggered, the adrenals become depleted and the result can feel like fatigue. Aside from mental and emotional stress, physical stress also contributes to adrenal fatigue. Chronic lack of sleep (less than eight hours per night), poor diet and "burning the candle at both ends" can exacerbate adrenal fatigue.
Considerations
If a person suffers from adrenal fatigue, life stressors should be minimized. That can feel sometimes feel like an impossible task, but it doesn't have to be. One way to help jump-start the process is for the person to make a list of his top three stressors, then come up with one way to make each of the items less stressful. He should employ the help of a partner, friend or therapist in the endeavor. A person suffering from adrenal fatigue should avoid foods that can tax the adrenal glands to support lasting energy. Caffeine, simple carbohydrates (such as sugar and white bread) and alcohol all adversely affect adrenal health. Consuming a mostly plant-based diet with a broad spectrum of vitamins, minerals and antioxidants can also support good adrenal health.
Herbal and Nutrient Support
Diet can also support healthy adrenal function. Nutrients such as Vitamin C, B vitamins (especially B5 or pantothenic acid), zinc and selenium support adrenal health. Consuming foods that are high in these nutrients or supplementing with vitamins is a good way to support your adrenals through nutrition. Many herbalists and alternative practitioners use herbs to support adrenal health. Herbs that support the adrenals are called "adaptogens" because they help people adapt to stress. Some examples are gotu kola, schizandra, eleutherococcus and ashwaganda. These herbs do not offer a "burst" of energy, but they are used long term to nourish the adrenal glands. As always, seek advice from your naturopathic doctor or other qualified practitioner when you are considering taking herbs or supplements.
Diagnosis
Most conventional doctors don't recognize adrenal fatigue as an issue because it's not an actual disease but more of an imbalance. Naturopathic doctors and other alternative practitioners will typically recognize adrenal fatigue in patients through a lengthy intake process. There is no blood test for adrenal fatigue. Some alternative practitioners use a saliva test, which looks at the cortisol curve as a reflection of daily adrenal function. If a person suspects she as adrenal fatigue, she should consult a trained practitioner to first rule out more serious illnesses, then create a treatment plan that works best for her.
References
- Endotext: Your Endocrine Source-Guide to Adrenal Physiology and Disease
- "Netter's Atlas of Human Physiology"; John Hansen and Bruce Koeppen; 2002
- "Medical Herbalism"; David Hoffmann; 2003
