Anemia is a decrease in overall mass of circulating red blood cells from the normal limits. This coincides with a decrease in the amount of oxygen being transported to the tissues. Testing for anemia involves a complete blood count (CBC) and additional labs as indicated by the CBC results. Symptoms associated with anemia are numerous and alone will not lead to a diagnosis because they can be subtle and overlap with so many other diseases. Also, symptoms vary based on severity as well as the cause or type of anemia. Anemia is classified in several ways, most often by red blood cell morphology and cause.
Skin Changes
Anemia causes skin pallor and lighter mucosal surfaces, most noticeable in the conjunctiva, or membrane, beneath the whites of the eyes and the lining under the tongue. Hands and feet may become cold. Sometimes, the mouth or tongue can become swollen--conditions known as stomatitis and glossitis, respectively.
Respiratory Symptoms
Anemia can cause shortness of breath, especially with exertion. If someone has underlying respiratory or cardiac issues, the shortness of breath can be moderate to severe. According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, children suffering from iron-deficiency anemia may exhibit frequent breath holding.
Cardiac Symptoms
Anemia may invoke angina, especially in someone with underlying heart problems, such as coronary artery disease. Heart palpitations and arrhythmia, or heart rhythm changes, also can arise, according to the Mayo Clinic.
Renal Symptoms
Poor oxygenation of the kidneys from anemia may decrease renal function; this, in turn, may decrease urine output in those with underlying kidney conditions. Additional heart and lung problems can compound any renal complications from anemia. Renal disease itself can cause chronic anemia.
Neurologic Symptoms
Lack of oxygenation to the brain may cause poor concentration, confusion, combativeness, light-headedness or dizziness and headaches. Pernicious anemia, from B12 deficiency, can cause an unsteady gait and postural stability, especially in the dark.
Other Symptoms
Fatigue is common. A general feeling of weakness as well as decreased libido, or sexual drive, can also occur with anemia. According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, pica--urges to eat non-food substances or foods that have a specific texture, such as dirt, ice or paint, can be associated with anemia.
