Diabetes mellitus is a family of metabolic disorders, characterized by dysregulation of insulin and blood sugar within the body, Diabetes is classified into type one, which occurs when the body fails to produce insulin; or type two, which occurs when the cells of the body do not use insulin properly to regulate blood sugar. Pregnant women may also suffer from a temporary form of diabetes, called gestational diabetes. There are a number of complications involved in diabetes mellitus, which are potentially very harmful if the diabetes is not controlled.
Periodontal Disease
Periodontal disease is inflammation of the gums, caused by bacteria in the mouth. Periodontal disease begins with gingivitis, a mild form of gum disease in which the gums appear red and swollen. If left untreated, the gums will become infected and inflamed around the tooth, which can eventually destroy the bone and connective tissue that supports the tooth. In a study published in 2000 in "Periodontology," Dr. Mealey reports that diabetes is a risk factor for gingivitis and periodontal disease. Diabetes increases the risk of bone loss as a result of gum disease, and diabetic patients are at an increased risk of gum infection due to an underactive immune system. Diabetic patients should ensure they go to the dentist for regular cleanings and checkups, as well as practice good oral hygiene to prevent the development of gum disease.
Retinopathy
People with diabetes are also at risk for retinopathy, which can cause blindness. Retinopathy involves the weakening of blood vessels, or growth of abnormal blood vessels on the surface of the retina, disrupting the normal function of the eye. According to the University of Utah, diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the United States.
Nephropathy
People with diabetes are at high risk for nephropathy, or kidney damage, especially if their disease is poorly controlled. Diabetes causes hypertension, or high blood pressure, which puts stress on the kidneys and deteriorates the kidney over time. The kidneys are responsible for filtering the blood, and deterioration of the kidneys can be fatal. As the kidneys become more damaged, blood pressure increases, which in turn damages the kidney more. According to The University of Virginia, diabetes is the leading cause of kidney disease in the United States, accounting for almost half of all cases. Diabetic nephropathy can be prevented by controlling blood sugar levels, maintaining a balanced diet, and exercising.
