Tears keep the eyeball moist so that clear vision is possible, according to the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Tears are a complex formulation of three layers of moisture, including oil, a watery substance and a mucus. The outer oil layer created by the meibomian gland smooths the mixture and prevents evaporation. The watery mid-layer, produced by the lacrimal glands inside the eyelid, cleans the eyeball, and the last layer of mucus produced by the conjunctiva provides the adhesive for the tear to cover the eye. Chronic dry eye is a disease in which this process is impaired.
Home Treatment
Mild cases of chronic dry eye may require simple home treatments--such as adding moisture to the air through the use of a room humidifier--but the first step in treating the disease is to consult a qualified medical doctor, optometrist or ophthalmologist. Chronically dry eyes may be the result of serious diseases, including lacrimal and meibomian gland dysfunction or Sjogren's syndrome.
The National Eye Institute notes that omega-3 fatty acid supplements and increased ingestion of tuna fish (a valuable source of omega-3 fatty acids) increase tear production. Although food and dietary supplements are typical home treatments for the disease, a consultation by a medical professional is recommended before use.
Over-the-Counter Medications
Over-the-counter medications--including artificial tears, ointments and gel inserts--are effective for some sufferers of chronic dry eye. Care should be taken in selecting treatments without preservatives. Side effects of the over-the-counter medications used more than four times each day include blood vessel constriction that may lead to headaches and eye strain, according to the National Eye Institute.
Prescription Medications
Medical prescriptions are required when eyes no longer respond to over-the-counter medications. Manufacturers of cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion claim that the medication encourages the eye to increase tear production by halting the inflammation in the eyes. The National Eye Institute reports that only one medication, cyclosporine, has been shown to be effective in increasing tear production, reducing the effects of dry eye, and decreasing corneal damage that can occur as a result of the dryness.
Cyclosporine must be taken twice a day for three to six months to have any affect. The side effects of the prescription drugs include burning in the eyes and surrounding area. Some people require the use of a corticosteroid eye drops before the use of cyclosporine to allow the inflammation to reach a stage at which the medication can manage the condition.
Plugs and Surgery
When prescription medications fail to moisten the eyes, plugs may be required, according to the National Eye Institute. The drainage holes in the openings located in the corners of the eyes near the nose are plugged in professional treatment. The collagen or silicone plugs prevent the tears from draining into the nose. The plugs may be removed at any time, or permanent plugs may be recommended.
Punctual cautery surgery is an alternative when all options are exhausted. This treatment closes the drainage holes without the option of restoring the openings. The advantage to this treatment is, the tears moisten the eyes for a longer period.
