Jaundice refers to a buildup of bilirubin that causes the skin and eyes to yellow. Jaundice is a common condition in newborns, and may be caused for a variety of reasons. Some types are more common and require no treatment, while others may indicate a more serious problem. Bilirubin is eliminated through newborns' bowel movements. Frequent feeding to promote bowel movements can help prevent severe cases of jaundice, according to Medline Plus.
Immature Liver
Newborn babies have a large number of red blood cells, which, when broken down, create bilirubin. In the womb, the mother's liver filters bilirubin from the baby's blood via the umbilical cord. After birth, most newborns have difficulty adequately assuming this task due to an immature liver. This type of jaundice, called physiologic jaundice, is thought to be completely normal. Most often it is seen two to three days after birth and generally does not require treatment. As the liver matures, bilirubin levels will decrease after the fourth or fifth day of life, as documented by Merck.
Prematurity
Babies born before 37 weeks are at a higher risk of developing jaundice than full-term babies. Prematurity affects many systems in the newborn body, including a more immature liver and difficulty eating and breathing. Premature babies may be unable to eat as often as a full-term babies because of a weak or absent suck reflex and may also have difficulty with digestion. These factors decrease the frequency of bowel movements, preventing the elimination of bilirubin, leading to jaundice.
Dehydration
A breastfed baby who is unable to latch on properly to her mother's breast may become dehydrated due to her inability to ingest enough milk. The Merck Manual states that breastfed infants who are dehydrated due to a low milk intake have a higher circulation of bilirubin. This is known as breastfeeding jaundice and may appear during the first week of life. Working with a lactation consultant or other professional to establish a good latch soon after birth can help ensure the baby will remain properly hydrated and nourished. Additionally, a good latch is essential to a positive breastfeeding experience and the production of a good milk supply.
Blood Type Incompatibility
According to the Mayo Clinic, an incompatibility between the mother's and baby's blood may result in jaundice because the mother's antibodies cause a more rapid destruction of red blood cells in the baby than normal. Mothers are routinely screened prenatally to determine if their blood contains such antibodies. If necessary, an injection known as RhoGAM is given and close monitoring of the baby is required. Further treatment may be necessary if an incompatibility is found.
