Pain relief medications are referred to as analgesics. Analgesics act on the nervous system, and depending on the location of pain there are different choices for relief. Pain medications can be found over-the-counter or by prescription. According to the American Society of Anesthesiologists, the most common prescription pain medications are opioids; however, medications such as anti-depressants and anti-seizure medications have been used off-label in treating certain types of pain as well
Non-Narcotic Analgesic
Acetaminophen is a common over-the-counter pain medication. According to the Mayo Clinic, it is one of the safest and most effective medications; however, when too high a dose is used it may cause liver damage. Acetaminophen inhibits an enzyme called cyclooxygenase, which influences prostaglandins. Prostaglandins protect the body but also may cause inflammation and pain after an injury. The acetaminophen blocks certain pain to an extent for relief of minor pain such as headache, muscle pain and backache. According to the "Tufts Journal" from Tufts University, acetaminophen is not a strong analgesic so more serious and chronic pain may need to be treated with narcotic medication.
Oxycodone, Morphine and Hydrocodone
Oxycodone, morphine, and hydrocodone are similar narcotic pain relievers. Oxycodone and hydrocodone are opioids synthesized from an opiate alkaloid called thebaine. According to Oxycodone Addiction Help, oxycodone and hydrocodone do not eliminate the sensation of pain, rather they decrease the discomfort of the pain by increasing a person's tolerance to pain. Morphine, on the other hand, acts directly on the central nervous system to alleviate the pain sensation. All three medications are highly addictive and require physician prescription and monitoring. Due to the physical and psychological addiction risk of these medications, the Mayo Clinic recommends careful consideration and consultation with your doctor to choose the safest medication for treatment of pain.
Tramadol
Tramadol is a synthetic opioid that treats moderate to severe pain. The Mayo Clinic indicates that tramadol is available in long-acting tablets to treat chronic pain such as fibromyalgia and restless leg syndrome. This medication is also habit-forming and should be closely monitored by a physician. Tramadol is available only by prescription and has some side effects to consider such as anxiety, throbbing headache and high blood pressure.
