Whether or not a cough is dry and unproductive or full of phlegm, the Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) indicates that it is a necessary reflex that helps protect the body, including the lungs. When a cough occurs, air is expelled from the lungs, which can be helpful in clearing the airways of phlegm or other debris. Depending on the cause, a dry cough can be treated with an over-the-counter cough suppressant or cough drops. An unproductive, dry cough is often caused by a minor irritation in the throat, suggests the PDR.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Gastroesohageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when the contents of the stomach make their way back into the esophagus and up to the throat or mouth. The PDR suggests that the acid can irritate the larynx and throat, which can lead to a persistent dry cough. GERD sufferers may notice a sore throat, vocal hoarseness and a dry cough without any other symptoms of illness. In rare cases, GERD can cause individuals to cough reflexively and eject stomach contents that have made their way into the lungs (aspiration). Reducing dry cough due to GERD requires treating the underlying condition through prevention and medication. Avoiding certain trigger foods, wearing looser-fitting clothing, avoiding meals before lying down and taking an antacid or other medication to block the production of acid are all common treatment options. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to prevent GERD and to treat damage done by the acid.
Congestive Heart Failure
Chronic Disease Management, a British Columbia health website, explains that a dry, hacking cough with or without wheezing may be a symptom of congestive heart failure. The cough is due to fluids backing up in the lungs because of poor pumping action from the heart. This condition has no known cure, but there are many lifestyle changes that can be made to improve the quality of life, including blood pressure medications, a healthy diet and approved physical activity.
Medications
Certain medications can cause a dry, unproductive cough. The PDR lists angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and beta blockers as examples of such drugs. These medications are prescribed for the treatment of elevated blood pressure. Coughing that results from these medications is chronic. Other medication options that do not have this side effect may be substituted if your doctor deems that they are right for your particular condition.
Infections
There are a number of infections, both bacterial or viral, that may lead to a dry cough. Some illnesses may begin with a dry cough which then develops into a productive cough as the mucus breaks down. Tuberculosis is one disease that may cause a persistent dry cough. The PDR points out that over time, the disease may result in a cough that produces blood-stained matter from the mouth. Another infection that can cause a dry cough is the croup cough. KidsHealth.org points out that the dry, "barky" cough that results from this illness is due to swelling of the voice box and windpipe. Increasing humidity in the surrounding air can help reduce coughing.
Environmental Agents
Asthma, allergies, smoking and any other air pollutant that irritates the throat can cause a dry cough. Dry, hot air can cause a sore throat and reflexive coughing that does not produce phlegm. Individuals who breathe through the mouth, such as those who snore at night or have blocked nasal airways, may experience a sore throat and a dry cough. Treating the underlying issue, such as through asthma or allergy medication, is best for improving the cough.
