Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a common disorder in elderly cats, though it can occur in young cats as well. The kidneys are essential for removing waste products in the blood, but they also produce a number of hormones. One of these hormones, erythropoietin, is important in stimulating bone marrow to produce new red blood cells. Cats with moderate to severe renal failure are unable to make erythropoietin, and as a result often become severely anemic which, left untreated, can result in death. One treatment for anemia in cats is a blood transfusion.
Transfusion Reaction
The first transfusion can usually be given with few problems. However, any future transfusions can pose a problem as the cat will develop antibodies which can cause the destruction of the new and any existing red blood cells. However, even if a CRF cat has been cross matched, it may have to have repeated blood transfusions and therefore may develop antibodies to other proteins found in the blood. Signs of a reaction include fever, itching and vomiting. In severe reactions, death may result.
Fluid Overload
Blood transfusions must be administered slowly, as extra fluid given to a small animal, particularly a cat with CRF, can accumulate, resulting in fluid in the lungs. Symptoms include a cough, rapid breathing, shortness of breath and bluish gums.
Infection
The donor cat must be screened for a number of blood-borne infections such as feline leukemia (FeLV), feline aids (FIV), mycoplasma and feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), as infections can be transmitted through the blood transfusion.
References
- "Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"; Whole blood transfusions in 91 cats: a clinical evaluation; Weingart, et al.; 2004
- "Journal Small Animal Practice"; Frequences of feline blood types at a referral hospital in the south east of England; Forcada, et al.; 2007
- "Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"; Use of recombiant erythropoietin for management of anemia in dogs and cats with renal failure; Cowgill, et al.; 1998
