Pulmonary lung disease refers to disorders that obstruct the airways, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. These diseases fall under the category of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, a progressive disease that is treatable but not curable. Patients sometimes are able to live with the help of medication and breathing aids, but the disease often leads to complications that are fatal.
Breathing Problems
Chronic bronchitis occurs from irritation and inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, which carry air from the windpipe into the lungs, according to the Cleveland Clinic. Coughing and excess mucus in the airways typically result from the chronic bronchitis. Inflammation makes it difficult for air to get in and out of the lungs. Emphysema damages the walls of the air sacs at the end of the bronchial tubes. Air is trapped in the lungs, making it problematic for fresh air to enter the lungs and causing persistent breathing difficulties.
Causes
Smoking is a major cause of COPD because it contributes to airway irritation and swelling that narrows airways, the Cleveland Clinic notes. In some cases, an inherited condition called Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency leads to emphysema. AAT is a protective substance that helps combat inflammation of the lungs in most people; a lack of the chemical results in a breakdown of the walls of the air sacs.
Symptoms
A mild cough that produces clear sputum often develops in people with COPD by about age 45, according to the Merck Manuals Online Medical Library. The symptoms become persistent over time. Shortness of breath may occur during strenuous physical activity at first. The person may develop lung infections, such as pneumonia. The color of sputum may change from clear to yellow or green. By the time the person reaches his late 60s, shortness of breath occurs with just mild activity.
Treatment
The Cleveland Clinic states that people with COPD and other lung diseases need to quit smoking and avoid cigarette smoke or air irritants. A structured exercise program and stress management may help relieve symptoms. Medication includes bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory agents and antibiotics. Patients should concentrate on preventing respiratory infections and maintaining a healthy diet.
Disease Progression
The disease develops slowly and worsens over time, according to the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Breathing becomes so challenging in the later stages that it interferes with routine activities, such as walking, doing household chores or grooming. Severe flare-ups can lead to acute respiratory failure that requires emergency treatment. Repeated flare-ups result in frequent hospitalization. Oxygen tanks or devices become necessary for the patient as the disease progresses. Many late-stage COPD patients report having breathing difficulties that make them feel as though they are drowning. Treatment usually involves extending the life of patients with as little discomfort as possible. Lung volume reduction surgery or lung transplants are possible options.
