Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have difficulty paying attention, exhibit impulsive behaviors and/or exhibit hyperactivity. The specific cause of ADHD has not been determined, though genetic, environmental and dietary factors are thought to play a role. Though research findings are mixed, some children with ADHD benefit from dietary changes. For best results, a doctor's guidance is recommended.
Theories and Speculation
Numerous dietary notions have been suggested regarding children with ADHD. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) many people theorize that refined sugar causes or exacerbates symptoms of ADHD. Food additives, such as artificial coloring, have also been considered culprits. Other theories claim that milk, chocolate, eggs, wheat (or gluten) and foods containing salicylates, such as various fruits, chili powder and cloves provoke symptoms as well.
Effectiveness
Research findings vary pertaining the effectiveness of dietary adaptations on ADHD. According to Mayo Clinic child psychologist, John E. Huxsahl, M.D., food additives have not been proven to cause ADHD. However, they may exacerbate symptoms in some children. Though sugar continues to get the blame for ADHD symptoms, the notion lacks scientific evidence. Research published in the European Children and Adolescent Psychiatry in 2008 showed that an elimination diet, in which potential food allergens are removed from children's diets, is effective in managing ADHD symptoms. Elimination diets are particularly useful for children with unknown food allergies that may contribute to ADHD symptoms.
Helpful Foods and Nutrients
Certain foods and nutrients may help prevent or reduce symptoms of ADHD. Omega-3 fatty acids, for example, are known to support brain function and may help children with ADHD concentrate and think more clearly. Omega-3 fats are prevalent in fatty fish, flaxseeds, canola oil and walnuts. According to the University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC) the mineral zinc is significant in the metabolism of neurotransmitters that contribute to ADHD and children with ADHD have exhibited zinc-deficiencies. Zinc can be found in foods such as oysters, pork, fortified breakfast cereals, baked beans, cashews and yogurt. Omega-3 fats and zinc supplements are available as well, but should be approved by a child's doctor.
Fruits and vegetable provide an assortment of nutrients and can serve as natural, healthy dessert or snack options. Whole grain carbohydrates are preferred over refined carbohydrates, as they have a lesser impact on blood sugar and provide greater amounts of nutrients. Lean protein sources, such as legumes, low-fat dairy products (if they do not trigger symptoms) and skinless-white meat poultry can help keep blood sugar and energy balanced as well.
Dietary Approaches
Various dietary approaches are geared toward managing ADHD. Elimination diets aim to alleviate symptoms triggered by certain foods and ingredients, such as dairy, wheat, sugar and food additives. According to the UMMC the most popular ADHD dietary approach is known as the Feingold Diet. The diet requires rigorous monitoring of a child's food intake and restricts foods that contain salicylates (substances found in certain fruits, vegetables, herbs and aspirin) and those that contain artificial ingredients of any kind.
Suggestions
Children with ADHD vary in symptoms and nutritional needs. However, all children benefit from a nutrient-rich diet. Huxsahl suggests that children with ADHD consume a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, grains and healthy fats, and low in added sugars and processed foods. If parents suspects that certain foods or ingredients trigger symptoms in their child, a doctor can help determine whether allergy testing or an elimination diet is appropriate. Other forms of treatment, such as medications and psychotherapy, are known to help treat ADHD and should receive careful consideration as well. A healthy dietary lifestyle may enhance other treatments and a child's wellness.
References
- National Institute of Mental Health: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Information
- University of Maryland Medical Center: ADHD Dietary Treatment Options
- European Children and Adolescent Psychiatry: A randomised controlled trial into the effects of food on ADHD, Mar 2008
- Mayo Clinic: Food Additives and ADHD
