Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) refers to the inability to control behavior. Diagnosis requires one of three different behavior types: hyperactivity, inattentiveness or a combination of both. Cases are becoming more prevalent, affecting up to 15 percent of school-age children and some adults, reports Merck Manual. Accepted treatment options include both stimulants and non-stimulants. Treatment aims to relieve symptoms associated with ADHD as well as improve focus and behavior.
Stimulants
Merck Manual says stimulants are the class of drugs most widely used for treating ADHD in children. Contrary to common belief, prescription stimulants work to calm brain activity. Stimulants show effectiveness in up to 80 percent of children with ADHD, according to the National Research Center for Women and Families (NRC). Stimulants predominate as first-line therapy for ADHD treatment.
Methylphenidate, known also by the brand names Ritalin, Concerta and Daytrana, represent stimulants that are commonly used. Just how these drugs work remains a matter of debate. Theories lean toward the blocking of substances in the brain called neurotransmitters. These substances allow the nerves in the brain to communicate with one another. The complete story eludes scientists. Even so, researchers propose that methylphenidate increases dopamine release and blocks its break down, in turn, increasing naturally occurring dopamine. DailyMed lists reported side effects associated with methylphenidate as difficulty sleeping, abdominal pain and poor appetite. Rarer side effects include depression, anxiety, headaches and tiredness.
A combination of amphetamine and dextroamphetamine is marketed under the brand name Adderall. This medication belongs to a class of drugs that also causes brain stimulation. Thought to act similarly to methylphenidate, these drugs block the breakdown of two substances--norepinephrine and dopamine, resulting in increased duration of both.
Amphetamine, another stimulant, remains a first-choice option for ADHD with clinically significant impairment. Physicians stress the use of complete programs incorporating psychological, educational and social measures. Rare reports of isolated cardiovascular complications cause some minor concern, in addition to those reported by other stimulant drugs.
Non-stimulants
Atomoxetine, known by the brand name Strattera, is a widely used non-stimulant drug. As with many of the stimulant drugs and other nervous system medications, the exact mechanism by which this class of drug works eludes researchers, according to DailyMed. Theory suggests these drugs work by blocking the breakdown of serotonin allowing for increased levels. Serotonin acts as a stimulant, although some physicians challenge the effectiveness of this drug. Clinical trials reveal irritability, somnolence and aggression as commonly reported symptoms.
Anti-depressants
Non-stimulants mostly play the role of back up to stimulant drugs in the event stimulants can't be used. Antidepressants are the preferred drug of choice in these instances. Physicians commonly prescribe antidepressants such as bupropion. Bupropion works similarly to methylphenidate, but is less potent. Rash and nausea present as noteworthy adverse reactions, though they occur occasionally.
