Celiac disease, also known as sprue, is an autoimmune condition that is brought on by a genetic sensitivity to gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye and, to a lesser extent, barley and oats. In people with celiac disease, the immune system reacts to the presence of gluten by attacking the lining of the small intestine, according to the University of Maryland Center for Celiac Research. It can be detected at an early age or can remain dormant until an environmental stress such as a viral or bacterial infection causes a weakness in the intestinal wall that allows the condition to be expressed. The result is an inability to absorb nutrients, and the symptoms are highly variable, affecting multiple body systems.
Gastrointestinal Effects
The majority of intestinal signs, when present, involve abnormal stools, with a tendency toward diarrhea, loose or bulky stools. Inability to absorb fats leads to stools that float or stick to the toilet. Bloating, gas and constipation can accompany celiac, as well. According to Celiac.com, some people with the disease do not experience gastrointestinal symptoms.
Nutrient Malabsorption
Damage to the lining of the small intestine causes many nutrient absorption problems. The fat-soluble vitamins D, E, and K can be affected due to inability to absorb fat. Vitamin D deficiency will lead to a condition known as rickets, or soft bones. Vitamin E deficiency causes neurological deficits, such as problems with walking and visual tracking difficulties. Insufficient vitamin K results in blood and bone disorders such as clotting problems and soft bones. Poor absorption of iron and folic acid results in anemia and fatigue. Calcium and magnesium malabsorption leads to osteoporosis, joint and muscle pain, and tooth enamel problems. Protein insufficiency can cause swelling around the legs. Weight loss due to decreased nutrient absorption is possible.
Neurological Symptoms
Gluten ataxia is a condition in which celiac antibodies attack the central nervous system in addition to the intestinal lining. This condition has the appearance of multiple sclerosis. Among patients with unexplained occasional ataxia, or uncoordinated walking, 40 percent were found to have celiac disease. Dizziness and peripheral neuropathy, such as numbness and tingling in the arms and legs, are additional neurologic signs that can occur because of celiac disease.
Reproductive Symptoms
Gynecological disorders, such as missed periods and infertility, can occur because of celiac disease. Research published in the journal Lancet has shown a connection between celiac and miscarriage and fetal growth impairment.
Other Digestive Organs
Left untreated, celiac disease can progress to include the liver, gall bladder and pancreas. A study of 13,800 celiac patients conducted by the Department of Pediatrics at Orebro University Hospital in Sweden found an increased risk of liver disease, including liver failure and cirrhosis.
