Bees create propolis from beeswax and other bee secretions, along with the buds of conifer trees, which are trees that produce cones, and poplar trees. They use propolis to build their hives, and people gather propolis to use for its claimed health benefits. Propolis extract---the liquid form of propolis---has both topical and oral supplement uses, and is included as an additive in foods, cosmetics and skin creams. According to MedlinePlus, early research indicates many potential benefits of propolis use, although more research is needed to confirm these benefits.
Dental Benefits
Propolis shows potential for preventing cavities in teeth and appears to be a natural sealant and enamel hardener, according to MedlinePlus. This property also might make it useful for sealing teeth after root canal surgery. Propolis in gel form may decrease pain associated with dental conditions and procedures as well as gum inflammation. Additionally, swishing a propolis extract mouthwash in the mouth for 60 to 90 seconds daily may decrease bacteria in the mouth and reduce plaque formation.
Oral Conditions
A standardized propolis extract formulated in Brazil inhibits oral candidiasis, or thrush, which is a fungal infection of the mouth, according to MedlinePlus. Additionally, propolis taken internally may decrease outbreaks of canker sores.
Antimicrobial Effects
Propolis shows antimicrobial properties, according to MedlinePlus. It may help prevent infections with the common cold virus, and propolis nasal sprays are available that may help treat colds, runny nose and nasal congestion. Propolis may work against bacteria in urine that cause urinary tract infections; Helicobacter pylori, the bacterium that causes stomach ulcers; and giardia, a protozoan parasite that causes intestinal infections and diarrhea.
Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Propolis has anti-inflammatory effects, according to Drugs.com. A study published in the February 2003 issue of Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology found that asthma patients treated with propolis along with their regular medication for two months showed "marked" improvement in breathing function and reduction in the occurrence and severity of nighttime asthma attacks. Other studies show anti-inflammatory benefits for using propolis to treat cervical inflammation, according to MedlinePlus, and it may be beneficial for vaginal inflammation as well.
Fighting Herpes
Because of its antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects, propolis may be helpful in treating outbreaks of herpes viruses, according to MedlinePlus. Propolis may help treat eye complications involved with the virus Varicella zoster, which causes chickenpox and shingles. Topical propolis extract also may work against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 outbreaks. HSV-2 causes genital herpes, while HSV-1 causes cold sores and sometimes genital herpes.
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