When the skin is exposed to severe cold, the tissue can be damaged, and frostbite may occur. Frostbite may start as an achy feeling in the affected joint, but it usually becomes more painful if left untreated. If caught early on, complete recovery is possible. However, the best bet is to take steps to prevent frostbite from occurring. This means taking some extra steps when going outside in extremely cold or windy weather.
Cover Susceptible Areas
Protecting the the skin from exposure to harsh temperatures or cold wind is the best defense. The National Institutes of Health suggest that the hands, feet, nose and ears are the body parts most at risk. Wearing warm, windproof and waterproof mittens, head covering and shoes during outdoor activities will help. Putting on multiple layers, such as thermal underwear, two pairs of socks and scarves can help to protect the body even more. If you have to be outside, take frequent breaks to go indoors and warm up.
Avoid Tight Clothes
Clothes that are tight or constrictive can contribute to frostbite, according to the National Institutes of Health. Tight clothing can inhibit circulation, which leaves the body more susceptible to getting too cold. This is especially a concern for anyone who has a circulatory condition such as heart disease, diabetes or a neurological condition. The elderly and children are at a higher risk and need to be protected in extreme weather.
Avoid Alcohol and Smoking
Alcohol consumption and smoking can decrease blood vessel size, which restricts blood flow. This can increase the risk of frostbite. Drinking caffeine and alcohol can also dehydrate the body, which increases the risk as well. The University of Maryland Medical Center recommends eating a well-balanced diet and drinking plenty of water to keep the body strong and better able to withstand cold temperatures.
Recognize the Early Signs
The St. John Providence Health System website suggests getting inside and warming the body slowly as soon as the symptoms of frostbite start. This will prevent complications. In the initial stages, the skin becomes white and hard and may feel numb. If frostbite progresses, the skin may start to turn blue. If blisters appear, it means that the frostbite is getting worse. Skin that begins to turn gray or black and becomes painful requires immediate medical attention.
