Bipolar disorder, also called manic depression, is a severe illness that causes a person to experience extreme shifts in his mood. Bipolar disorder is the sixth leading cause of disability in the world, according to the World Health Organization. Bipolar disorder is found equally in men and women. There is no cure for bipolar disorder, but treatment is available to manage symptoms and to prevent relapse.
Characteristics
Bipolar disorder is characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression. Bipolar is divided into three subtypes: bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder and cyclothymia. Bipolar I disorder is the most severe and manifests as mania lasting at least seven days followed by depression typically lasting 2 weeks, the National Institutes of Mental Health states. An individual with bipolar II disorder experiences hypomania, a less severe form of mania. Moods alternate between depression and hypomania, and periods of depression last longer than manic episodes. In cyclothymia, an individual has periods of hypomania and depression, but the highs and lows are not as severe as bipolar I or bipolar II disorder.
Symptoms of mania or hypomania include euphoria, increased self esteem, poor judgment, impulsivity, rapid speech, racing thoughts, aggressive behavior, decreased need for sleep, inability to concentrate and careless use of drugs and alcohol. Symptoms of depression include sadness, hopelessness, suicidal thoughts, fatigue, anxiety and loss of interest in daily activities.
Significance
The National Institutes of Health estimates that 5.7 million Americans, or about 2.6 percent of Americans 18 or older suffer from bipolar disorder. The age of onset occurs in the early 20s when an individual experiences his first manic episode, but children and individuals older than 40 are also diagnosed with the disorder. The Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance estimates that 3.4 million children and adolescents with depression may be experiencing the early onset of bipolar disorder.
Causes
According to The Mayo Clinic, several factors trigger bipolar episodes. Researchers are trying to isolate the genes involved; an individual with a first degree relative who suffers from bipolar disorder is more likely to develop the disease. An imbalance of the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine also contributes to the development of bipolar disorder. An individual who has experienced abuse, significant stress or a traumatic experience has a higher risk of developing bipolar disorder.
Treatment
Bipolar disorder is a serious disease that requires life-long treatment. Medications, therapy with a psychologist and support groups are effective in managing bipolar symptoms and preventing relapse, the National Institutes of Mental Health states. Antidepressants, mood stabilizers and antipsychotics are medications used to treat bipolar disorders. These medications have common and serious side effects and an individual taking medications must be followed closely by a psychiatrist. Psychotherapy helps an individual develop healthy coping mechanisms, track progress and provides education for both the patient and the family. In severe cases, electroconvulsive therapy and hospitalization is necessary, according to the Mayo Clinic.
Warnings
If bipolar disorder is not treated, the disease can affect every aspect of an individual's life. Relationship problems, financial problems, legal problems, inability to hold a job and problems with drugs and alcohol are complications of bipolar disorder. The Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance estimates that one in five individuals with bipolar disorder will commit suicide.
