Anabolics or anabolic steroids have a variety of side effects on different organ systems. Dr. Harm Kuipers, Department of Physiology, University of Limburg, Netherlands says that the frequency and severity of the side effects varies according to the dosage, the type of drug, the length of use and the individual user's response. However, orally administered anabolics usually have more negative side effects than parenterally administered ones.
Effects on Liver
Anabolic steroids, especially the orally administered ones, are known to have adverse effects on the liver by compromising its functionality. They may cause cysts, fibrosis, benign and malign tumors in the liver leading to overall degeneration. They may also cause hepatic carcinoma in certain users over a prolonged use. According to MayoClinic.com, in extreme situations they may result in liver cancer, or peliosis hepatis, a form of liver disease. These effects can occur during long-term, high-dosage therapy of anabolic steroids, and may even result in the patient's death.
Effects on the Male Reproductive System
Since anabolic steroids are synthetically produced male testosterone hormones, they have a direct impact on the reproductive system of males. Prolonged use is likely to cause reduced serum concentrations of male hormones such as LH, FSH, and testosterone. Using multiple anabolics simultaneously can cause a strong impediment to the gonadal functions. Gynecomastia or male breast development proves another well-known side effect of anabolic steroids.
Effects on the Female Reproductive System
Anabolics can also lead to a reduction in the serum levels of LH, FSH, estrogens and progesterone hormones in women. The result can include impediments to follicle formation, ovulation and disturbed menstrual cycle. Heightened sexual urge and hypertrophy of the clitoris are other side effects. The use of anabolics by pregnant women may lead to stunted growth of the fetus or even fetal death. Non-reproductive side effects on women may include acne, hair loss, hoarse voice, facial hair and breast reduction.
Emotional and Psychological Effects
Anabolic steroids can induce altered behavior in both the sexes. Sexual aggression, physical aggression, increased sexual urge, excitement, confusion, irregularity of sleep, paranoia, depression, hallucinations and pathological anxiety prove some of the common side effects.
Additional Side Effects
Anabolics may cause bone aches, retardation of bone growth, nausea, swollen feet, abnormal weight gain or weight loss, stomachaches, headaches, loss of appetite, foul breath and acne in both the sexes. In women, they may cause enlarged clitoris, disturbed menstrual cycle, unexplained hair loss, depression and fatigue.
According to the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, brought out by the Endocrine Society, anabolic steroids prove more harmful for young adults because they can stunt their growth. Withdrawal of the drugs can induce severe bouts of depression and mood swings.
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