Three sections make up the anatomy of the spine. These sections include the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions. Each section has individual bones called vertebrae. The spine naturally curves toward the body at the shoulders and away from the body at the end to form the curve of the lower back. According to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, up to 2 percent of the population has scoliosis, which is an unnatural sideways curve of the spine.
Cause and Risk Factors
Scoliosis tends to run in families, according to the Mayo Clinic. Other individuals may have scoliosis due to a birth defect. Other conditions such as arthritis or having one leg longer than the other can also cause the spine to curve. Females have a higher incidence of scoliosis than males. Children are vulnerable to developing scoliosis during a growth spurt before puberty.
Symptoms
Mild cases of scoliosis may not cause any noticeable symptoms besides a slight curvature in an "S" shape in the back. The spinal curvature may cause uneven shoulders and hips. Scoliosis may also cause mild to moderate pain for the individual, depending on the severity of the curvature.
Diagnosis
For the physician to diagnose scoliosis, the physician observes the spine while the child bends forward at the waist. An X-ray helps reveal the severity of the curvature. A physical examination of the spine every four to six months helps monitor any further changes in the spine.
Treatment
Most cases of scoliosis do not require treatment, according to the American Academy of Family Physicians. Close monitoring helps track the severity of the condition for possible treatment in the future. Some children may require a removable brace to help support the back and help prevent a progression of the curvature. The brace does not correct the scoliosis. Once the spinal bones stop growing---generally after puberty---the child no longer requires the use of the brace.
For severe scoliosis, an individual may need surgery. This procedure, called a spinal fusion, connects several of the bones in the spine together to help reduce the curve of the spine and prevent further curvature. The physician may need to place a rod and screws to help stabilize the spine.
Complications
Scoliosis can cause several complications in addition to chronic pain. The curvature of the spine can cause the ribcage to press on the lungs and heart, making deep breathing difficult. The decrease in lung function may cause an increase in lung infections, according to the Mayo Clinic. A child who requires a brace may suffer from embarrassment or low self-esteem. Individuals with scoliosis have a higher risk of developing arthritis of the spine.
