Potassium and sodium are essential minerals and electrolytes that support cell and muscle function and regulate fluid. According to Merck, low potassium (hypokalemia) and low sodium (hyponatremia) occur when water levels in the body change. Possible causes of both conditions include dehydration, taking medications like diuretics and laxatives, chronic diseases that cause fevers, vomiting and diarrhea, eating disorders and excessive sweating and loss of water. Treatment requires replacing the minerals through diet, supplements and in some cases intravenous fluids. Electrolyte imbalances are associated with multiple side effects.
Heart Abnormalities
Potassium controls muscle contractions including the smooth muscles of the heart. Low potassium can cause the heart to beat abnormally, a condition called arrhythmia. Arrhythmias occur when the heart beats too fast, too slow or irregularly and can negatively affect blood flow throughout the body and be life threatening.
Cognitive and Mood Changes
Fatigue and confusion are associated with low potassium. Side effects of low sodium include confusion, drowsiness and lethargy, decreased consciousness, hallucinations and in severe cases coma. Individuals with low sodium levels may also become irritable and restless.
Muscular Issues
Side effects of both low potassium and low sodium include muscle weakness, spasms and cramps. The University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC) points out that low potassium can also cause rhabdomyolysis, a breakdown of muscle fibers.
Additional Side Effects
Additional side effects of low sodium include seizures, convulsions and coma. Low sodium levels can also affect digestion and cause nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite. Low potassium can lead to paralysis and constipation.
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