While it's true that no two children grow at precisely the same rate, most follow a fairly predictable pattern of physical and motor development, according to the Mayo Clinic. As a child makes the transition from preschool to school-age, the differences in growth rates often become more pronounced. This can make it harder to define normal development, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Physical Development in Early Childhood
Monumental physical milestones take place during early childhood. By age two, a toddler can walk on his own, stands on his tiptoes, climb onto furniture and even begin to run, according to the Mayo Clinic.
Most children can be trained to use the toilet between the ages of two and three, according to Merck.com. Don't be surprised if you find your three-year-old walking up and down the stairs and even peddling a tricycle.
By the end of the preschool years, your child may be able to stand on one foot for five seconds or longer and ride a bicycle. A five-year-old may also be to skip and jump rope independently, according to FirstStepsUS.com
Motor Skills in Early Childhood
According to the Mayo Clinic, gross motor skills involve mastering large muscle movements. Fine motor skills are those dealing primarily with the hands and manipulating objects.
A two-year-old may be able to build a tower of at least four blocks and empty objects from a container. A three-year-old can often build a tower that is no less than six blocks high. She may also easily turn pages of a book one at time.
A four-year-old may successfully use scissors as well as dress and undress himself. By the end of his fifth year, he should be able to help make his bed, tie his shoes and color within the lines, according to FirstStepUS.com.
Physical Development in Middle Childhood
During the middle school years, defined by the NIH as ages six to 12, there are significant differences in height, weight and build between children. Genetics, nutrition and exercise can all influence the rate of growth.
By the end of middle childhood, children begin to develop secondary sexual characteristics, according to the NIH. In girls, these include breast development and underarm and pubic hair growth. In boys, the testicles and penis become larger, and underarm, chest and pubic hair begins to grow.
Motor Skills in Older Children
Motor skills become smoother and more coordinated in middle childhood. Children in this age group are able to master skipping, bicycle riding and skating.
Fine motor skills may vary greatly in this age group, according to the NIH. This can impact a child's ability to write neatly, dress appropriately and perform certain chores, such as making beds or doing dishes.
As a general rule, boys out-perform girls in gross motor skills, whereas girls typically perform better than boys in fine motor skills.
Outlook
Height and weight increases are relatively steady during the preschool and school years, according to Merck.com. The child's doctor can compare his growth to other children of the same age with the use of a growth chart. The next major growth spurt typically occurs in early adolescence. Adolescence begins at age 11 and continues until 21, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics.
