Parkinson's disease is a neurological condition that causes uncontrolled movements. It also can cause episodes of freezing during which initiating movement is difficult. Some patients experience tremors or uncontrolled shaking. The condition can interfere with the ability to talk, swallow and show facial expressions. Parkinson's disease is a very challenging condition to treat because it affects each person differently. Treatment often involves a multidisciplinary approach that must change as the disease progresses.
Medications
There is no cure for Parkinson's disease, so treatment is aimed at managing the symptoms. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke states that the most common medications used are dopamine precursors. Dopamine is a chemical that needs to be present for smooth and coordinated movement to occur. In Parkinson's patients, the section of the brain that produces dopamine is damaged. These drugs help by increasing the level of dopamine in the body.
The challenge with these medications is that they tend to cause sporadic results. There may be periods when the medication works and movement is restored, alternating with periods when the medication stops working and movement becomes challenging. Many of these medications can cause side effects such as fatigue, upset stomach and hallucinations, and there can be interactions with other drugs and some foods. Other medications can be used in conjunction with dopamine precursors to help manage symptoms.
Surgery
Surgery may be an option when medications do not effectively control symptoms. In deep brain stimulation, areas of the brain that are responsible for the symptoms of Parkinson's disease are isolated; then a device is implanted in the brain. This device attempts to interfere with abnormal electrical signals sent by the brain that cause the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. A battery pack that powers the device is implanted underneath the skin, where it is easily accessible through future surgeries, and the electrical signals can be adjusted at any time. About every five years the battery needs to be replaced.
In many cases this surgery helps to reduce symptoms; however, medication still may be required. Deep brain stimulation surgery is most effective in patients with moderate symptoms that do not respond to medication.
Exercise and Physical Therapy
According to the Parkinson's Disease Foundation website, "In addition to helping with movement, researchers now believe that exercise may influence the progression of Parkinson's disease." Exercise can help to improve mobility, strength and balance in patients with Parkinson's and may help to slow down its progression. Exercise helps the body to utilize available dopamine more efficiently. An exercise program can consist of walking, exercise classes, tai chi, yoga or water based workouts. It is important to find a form of exercise that is enjoyable and easy to stick with.
Because Parkinson's disease is a progressive condition, regular periods of physical therapy can help patients to adapt an exercise regimen to fit individual goals and needs. A therapist may suggest assistive devices such as canes and braces to make exercise safer.
Massage and Relaxation
Parkinson's disease can cause stiffness, rigidity and muscle tightness. Massage may help relieve these symptoms and improve mobility. It can help the body to relax, which may control tremors. The Cedars-Sinai website recommends finding ways to relax, including massage, as stress can contribute to symptoms. In addition to massage, practicing a relaxation techniques and joining a support group can help patients with Parkinson's disease.
References
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke: Parkinson's Disease - Hope Through Research
- University of Maryland Medical Center: Deep Brain Stimulation
- Parkinson's Disease Foundation: Does Exercise Impact Parkinson's?
- Institute for Integrative Healthcare Studies: The Benefits of Massage Therapy on Parkinson's Disease
- Cedars-Sinai: Coping with Parkinson's Disease
