The body is designed to operate in a very narrow pH range, which is a measurement of the amount of acids and bases present in the blood. Normally, the body controls acid levels using the lungs and the kidneys. If the blood becomes too acidic, the function of many proteins and tissues can be disrupted, requiring immediate treatment.
Types
Acidosis, according to the Merck Manual, can be divided into two varieties: respiratory and metabolic. Respiratory acidosis is the result of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood, which is then converted to carbonic acid. Metabolic acidosis, on the other hand, is caused by excessive production or ineffective secretion of acid. The latter cause is often the result of kidney failure.
Diagnosis
Acidosis itself is diagnosed by measuring the acidity of the patient's blood. Blood-gas measurements will help to distinguish between respiratory and metabolic acidosis, as respiratory acidosis is associated with high carbon dioxide levels. According to Medline, a chest X-ray and lung function tests are used to identify the cause of respiratory acidosis, whereas additional blood tests may be needed to determine the source of metabolic acidosis.
Temporary Treatment
In many cases, acidosis can be treated directly. As the Merck Manual explains, mild cases can be treated by giving the patient intravenous fluids, as this will dilute the acid and correct the blood's pH. More severe cases of acidosis, on the other hand, may require intravenous administration of bicarbonate, which will neutralize the excess acid. This treatment is only a temporary fix, however, and the underlying cause of the acidosis will still need to be addressed.
Respiratory Acidosis Treatment
Treatment of respiratory acidosis typically focuses on improving the patient's lung function, the New York Times explains. This may involve the administration of bronchodilators, which will help open the patient's airways and lower the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood. Patients can also be put on a ventilator or a continuous positive airway pressure machine to assist with respiration.
Metabolic Acidosis Treatment
Treatment of metabolic acidosis requires treatment of the underlying cause of the acid imbalance. Diabetic ketoacidosis, which is caused by a lack of insulin in the blood, can be treated with an insulin injection. The Merck Manual explains that cases of metabolic acidosis resulting from poisoning may require treatment to eliminate the toxin. Otherwise, kidney disease or shock should be considered as both can lead to metabolic acidosis.
