Fluid tends to run downhill; in the body, that means that excess fluid retention often accumulates in the feet and ankles. Fluid filled ankles hurt and look unsightly. Swollen ankles have many different causes, some temporary and annoying but not serious and others indicative of severe health issues. Fluid retention most often causes swollen ankles, but fat accumulation can also make ankles appear swollen.
Medical Conditions
Any medical condition that interferes with fluid balance in the body can cause swollen ankles. Some common medical causes for ankle swelling include congestive heart failure, where fluid backs up into the lower extremities, cirrhosis of the liver, where fluid accumulates in the abdomen and lower extremities, including the ankles and blood clots in the lower leg, which cause swelling in the ankle and leg. Chronic kidney failure also leads to fluid retention in the feet and ankles, says the University of Kansas-Wichita.
Other medical diseases that can cause swelling include lymphedema, a blockage in the lymphatic system, infection in the leg and venous insufficiency, often caused by trauma or injury to the veins, which normally keep fluid from stagnating in the leg and ankle.
Medications
Many medications cause fluid retention, which results in swollen ankles. Common medications that cause ankle swelling include hormones such as estrogen and testosterone, steroids, used to reduce inflammation, antidepressants and blood pressure medications, Medline Plus states.
Temporary Conditions
Ankle swelling often occurs temporarily, after surgery to the foot or leg or an injury such as an insect bite. Tendonitis, sprains and strains can also cause temporary ankle swelling. Pregnancy, a lengthy but in the end temporary condition, can lead to ankle swelling from increased fluid retention and increased weight.
Standing for long periods of time or sitting with legs dependent, or hanging down rather than propped up, also makes ankles swell. Increased salt intake can cause temporary puffiness of the extremities, including the ankles, as can sunburn. Some women have ankle swelling in the two weeks before a menstrual period, says the Better Health Channel.
Other Conditions
Increased age and being overweight can cause ankles to swell. Starvation, including protein and thiamine deficiency can also lead to ankle edema, Glen Hastings, M.D of the University of Kansas- Wichita states.
