A collapsed lung, called a pneumothorax, occurs when air accumulates around the outside of the lung. The air pushes against the lung, preventing it from expanding when an individual tries to breathe. According to the Mayo Clinic, the condition may be dangerous if there is a large buildup of air. Symptoms of pneumothorax include chest pain and difficulty breathing.
Spontaneous Lung Collapse
Spontaneous pneumothorax occurs when part of a lung becomes weak. In that weak area, the Mayo Clinic explains, a small blister, called a bleb, can form that may rupture during a strenuous activity that involves a change in pressure such as scuba diving. Often, a bleb may rupture for no apparent reason. The Mayo Clinic adds that genes may predispose some individuals to this condition.
When a spontaneous pneumothorax is not caused by an underlying disease, as in the above examples, it is called primary spontaneous pneumothorax. When it is caused by conditions such as emphysema and tuberculosis, it is referred to as secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. A pneumothorax caused by an existing disease is typically more serious.
Traumatic Lung Collapse
Traumatic pneumothorax is caused by a chest injury. A blunt impact from a high-contact sport or from an air bag in a car accident can cause the lung to collapse. A knife or gun shot wound can also cause a pneumothorax. In some instances, a lung collapses while a medical procedure is under way. This is an unintentional consequence but a risk during procedures such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, and lung biopsy.
Tension Lung Collapse
The Mayo Clinic describes tension pneumothorax as the most life-threatening of the three kinds. It occurs when the pressure in the chest cavity, the area where the lungs reside, is more than the atmospheric pressure. This type of pneumothorax may occur in individuals that are hooked up to a ventilator, a machine that assists breathing. The effects of the pressure difference not only can cause the lung to collapse but it can also push on the heart. This condition requires immediate treatment.
