Any kind of pain, pressure, discomfort or burning sensation that occurs during urination should always be evaluated by a physician. The cause of painful urination or dysuria can be diagnosed through a physical exam that includes reviewing the history of symptoms and running tests when necessary. In some cases, painful urination can be easily treated. In other cases this symptom can be caused by a chronic problem that requires medical attention.
Urinary Tract Infection
A urinary tract infection is a common cause of painful urination. The National Institutes of Health states that this type of infection occurs when bacteria enters the urinary tract system. Normally the body can destroy this bacteria, however in some cases it can build up in the system. Along with painful urination a urinary tract infection may also cause cloudy urine, pressure in the back or abdomen, a low grade fever and a constant or urgent need to urinate frequently.
Bladder Diseases
Bladder stones and infections of the bladder (cystitis) can cause painful urination, states the Mayo Clinic. Cystitis or interstitial cystitis--a chronic inflammation of the bladder--can be a complication of a urinary tract infection and it can become serious if it spreads to the kidneys. The symptoms of a bladder infection are similar to a urinary tract infection, however the urine may also have an odor or contain blood. Bladder stones occur when minerals that are normally present in the urine crystallize. An enlarged prostate, kidney problems and neurological conditions that prevent the bladder from emptying completely can lead to bladder stones. Along with painful urination the urine may contain blood and be dark in color. These symptoms may or may not be accompanied by difficulty initiating urination and problems with leaking.
Contact Dermatitis and Vulvitis
Contact dermatitis and vulvitis occur when there is irritation in the vaginal area. This is usually caused by an irritation or allergic reaction to products. Common triggers include laundry detergents, soaps used to bathe with, feminine sprays and powders, tampons, pads, contraceptive products, perfumed toilet paper and nylon pantyhose. There may be symptoms such as redness, swelling, blisters, itching and weeping that occur alongside painful urination.
Urethritis
Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra that can be caused by bacteria or a virus. It can occur through exposure to sexually transmitted diseases such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus. A reaction to contraceptive products can also cause an inflammation in this area. Both urination and sexual intercourse may be painful and may occur alongside many of the same symptoms of a urinary tract infection. Other symptoms include itching, tenderness, or swelling in the penis or groin area and blood in the urine or semen.
Cancer Treatment
Radiation and the drugs used to fight cancer can sometimes cause a bladder infection as a side effect, which can lead to painful urination.
