Winter camping is a unique challenge to the outdoor enthusiast. It can be uncomfortable, troublesome and, if you're inadequately prepared, dangerous. But as you gain winter experience, you may decide you enjoy winter camping just as much as three-season camping. The first time you head to the backcountry in the winter, take along an experienced friend, who may be able to provide the gear and knowledge you'll need. As you plan for and eventually purchase your winter gear, keep in mind these essentials for sleeping on snow.
Layered Clothing
Clothing lists for winter camping are all about moisture management. Of course insulation is necessary, but don't be too enthusiastic about bulky coats and earmuffs. Getting around in the winter requires a lot of energy and usually means sweat, which will chill you just as soon as you stop moving. To combat this effect, pack layers, including a moisture-wicking base layer--including hat, gloves and socks--and removable mid-layers for insulation. A waterproof shell will keep the outside elements from getting you wet, but stay away from bulky winter coats. Your mid-layers should do most of the work of keeping you warm.
Shovel
A packable, wide-blade snow shovel is a simple but essential tool you'll need for winter camping. It is both a safety device and practical necessity. After choosing a nice spot for camp, you'll pull out your shovel and start digging a sleeping platform. If it starts snowing during the night, you may need to dig out occasionally to avoid waking up to a collapsed tent. Likewise, a snow shovel may mean life-saving emergency shelter in a storm or egress from an avalanche. Choose a mountaineering-specific shovel to minimize weight, but be sure the handle and blade are large enough to move snow efficiently.
Tent
Winter tents are constructed differently from summer or three-season tents. They are generally double-walled and include relatively little mesh, since insulation is important; however, a good tent will have strategically-placed vents to ensure airflow and minimize condensation. Wind-resistant designs ensure safety on blustery snow fields, as well as efficient snow shedding. One or more large vestibules provide gear storage, boot strapping and cooking areas. Also, unless you know you will be able to camp on earth, pack snow stakes to anchor your tent in the powder.
Sleeping Bag and Pad
Sleeping bags for winter are mummy-style, with hoods and tapered body, and come with either down or synthetic fill. What type you choose will depend on your needs. Down is very warm, breathable and lightweight, but it loses its insulation properties when it gets wet. Synthetic bags stay warm when wet and are good for long stays in the backcountry, but they are also heavy and bulkier than down bags. Whichever type you get, check the comfort rating and get a bag rated to a lower temperature than the average night temperatures for your region. Also, adding a foam or air sleeping pad to your pack will help prevent heat loss through the ground.
Stove
Your super-light isobutane stove may be perfect for summer trekking, but it can be problematic in the winter. Pressurized canister fuels are ineffective when cold, and must be warmed prior to lighting your stove. A quick fix to this problem is to sleep with the canisters in your sleeping bag, but if you don't like metal lumps in your mummy, or you like a hot lunch, consider packing a white gas stove.
References
- "Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills," 6th ed., Edited by Don Graydon and Kurt Hanson, 1997
- "Outdoor Action": Guide to Winter Camping
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