The American Association of Family Physicians (AAFP) defines toxemia, which is more commonly known as preeclampsia, as a condition characterized by development of maternal high blood pressure and the presence of protein in the urine after the 20th week of pregnancy. Most cases of preeclampsia are mild, but proper management remains important to prevent the occurrence of serious complications in both mother and baby.
Low Birth Weight
Preeclampsia compromises blood flow to the placenta, which leads to decreased delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the baby. This can cause low birth weight, defined by the March of Dimes as less than 5.5 lbs., which increases the baby's risk of developing infections and other complications.
Placental Abruption
Preeclampsia increases the risk for placental abruption, a condition in which the placenta prematurely separates from the wall of the uterus before delivery. This can lead to significant blood loss, endangering the life of both mother and baby.
HELLP Syndrome
HELLP syndrome is characterized by hemolysis, or destruction of red blood cells, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count. According to the AAFP, it occurs in up to 14 percent of women with severe preeclampsia and causes death or serious illness in up to 25 percent of those affected. Symptoms of HELLP syndrome include headache, pain in the right upper area of the abdomen, nausea and vomiting.
Eclampsia
Uncontrolled preeclampsia can progress to eclampsia, wherein the mother develops seizures and even coma. Other symptoms of eclampsia include severe headache, problems with vision and changes in mental status or consciousness. The National Institute of Child Health and Development estimates that one in 200 women with preeclampsia will experience eclampsia. This can result in permanent damage to different organ systems, including the brain, liver and kidneys. If not promptly treated, eclampsia can lead to death of both mother and baby.
Long-term Maternal Risks
The March of Dimes reports that women who have previously had preeclampsia are more likely to have it again in subsequent pregnancies. The risk of recurrence appears higher in women who develop the disease earlier in pregnancy. According to the AAFP, women who develop preeclampsia before the 30th week may have a recurrence rate of 40 percent in future pregnancies. Preeclampsia may also increase a woman's risk of developing heart and blood vessel disease, such as chronic high blood pressure and stroke, later in life.
