The body needs some sodium to remain healthy. Sodium must be present for the heart, nerves and muscles to function properly. It plays a role in digestion and helps the body retain adequate levels of water. However, if the level of sodium gets too high or too low, complications can occur. Low sodium levels in the blood (hyponatremia) can be caused by a variety of medical conditions and some lifestyle choices. If the signs and symptoms of low blood sodium are present, a physician may use blood tests to determine the level of sodium in the blood to help confirm a diagnosis of a suspected underlying medical condition.
Illness
The National Institutes of Health state that sodium levels in the blood can drop whenever there is an illness that causes diarrhea, vomiting or sweating. All of these symptoms lead to a loss of body fluid and the sodium it contains. This loss of sodium may be temporary and resolve when the illness clears up. However, a doctor should be consulted if there is a change in mental state, severe headache, muscle cramps or weakness, loss of appetite and changes in mood.
Chronic Medical Conditions
Chronic medical conditions that cause edema or water retention can also cause low sodium concentrations. In these cases, the sodium levels remain steady but the levels of fluid rise, states the American Academy of Family Physicians. This includes conditions such as congestive heart failure, and liver and kidney diseases and failure. Other conditions that can affect the balance of sodium and water in the body include diabetes, Addison's disease and thyroid problems. Since a simple blood test can be used to detect sodium levels, close monitoring of these conditions can catch problems early on.
Excessive Water Intake
During heavy bouts of exercise, or when exposed to hot and humid weather, it is important to stay hydrated to avoid complications. However, the Mayo Clinic warns that too much water intake can deplete the body of sodium. Those most at risk are athletes and long distance runners. It is important to watch water intake and make sure there that the diet is not too low in sodium.
Drugs
There are many medications that can cause low sodium levels in the blood. This includes diuretics, antidepressants and pain medications, all of which increase urination and sweating. Recreational drugs containing amphetamine also throw off the body's balance of water and salt. Additionally, excessive alcohol consumption, which leads to increased urination can cause sodium levels to drop.
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