In acute renal failure the kidneys are not able to completely filter or remove toxins from the body and do not maintain proper fluid and electrolyte balances. Diet plays a critical role in the care of patients with acute renal failure. Every person has different needs based on body weight and size so dietary recommendations should be tailored on an individual basis after discussion with a doctor or dietitian.
Calories
Calorie needs are generally higher during acute renal failure (Consume 35 to 50 calories per kg of body weight) in order to provide a positive nitrogen balance during stress. Since a renal diet typically limits protein, additional calories can be obtained from carbohydrate and fat sources.
Protein
Protein is needed in the body to help maintain muscle, build resistance to infection, and repair and replace body tissue. As the body breaks down protein, waste products called urea are formed. As kidney function declines, urea can build up in the bloodstream. Limiting protein intake can help reduce blood urea levels. A low-protein diet (0.5 to 0.6 g per kg of body weight) is recommended initially but may be increased depending on whether the glomerular filtration rate, or GRF, is within a normal range. Some examples of foods high in protein include meat, poultry, milk products and eggs.
Sodium
The body needs sodium to control muscle contractions, balance fluids and control blood pressure. Healthy kidneys can remove excess sodium from the body but as kidney function declines, sodium and fluids can accumulate in the body. Sodium should be restricted to 500 to 1,000 mg per day depending on urinary excretion, edema, serum sodium levels and dialysis needs. Foods that are high in sodium include table salt, bouillon cubes, potato chips, nuts, bacon, cold cuts, cheese, canned goods and processed foods.
Phosphorus
Phosphorus is a mineral that works with calcium in order to keep bones strong and healthy. Phosphorus is needed in the body for building and maintaining bones and teeth and for normal nerve and muscle function. When kidney function declines the body has a difficult time balancing phosphorus and calcium and the body is not able to rid itself of excess phosphorus. Foods high in phosphorus include colas, peanut butter, cheese, sardines, chicken/beef liver, nuts, caramels, beer and ice cream.
Potassium
Potassium helps to keep nerves and muscles working properly. Potassium is a mineral and can be found in salt substitutes and some fruits and vegetables. The kidneys help to regulate potassium in the body. Too much potassium in the body is dangerous as it can make the heart beat irregularly or stop without warning. Potassium may need to be restricted to 1,000 mg per day.
