The National Cancer Institute estimates there were nearly 193,000 new cases of prostate cancer in 2009. The prostate, located under the bladder and in front of the rectum, is part of the male reproductive system. It produces seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm. Cancer of the prostate affects only men for obvious reasons. It can progress slowly, quickly or even spread to other areas of the body. Early detection and treatment can help the outcome and improve life expectancy.
Causes
A true cause for prostate cancer has not been found, according to the Mayo Clinic. Mutations in the DNA cause cells to grow and divide, creating abnormal cells that can form tumors. The tumors, either benign or malignant (cancerous), can break off and spread to other body parts, so immediate treatment is warranted once the tumor is found. The malignant tumors can be removed through surgery but other precautions may be taken to ensure the tumor does not grow back.
Symptoms
Symptoms may not be present in prostate cancer, according to the National Cancer Institute. If symptoms are present, they include a weak urine flow or flow that is not continuous. Not being able to urinate at all is another symptom. Burning or pain during urination, blood in the urine or semen, difficulty maintaining an erection, swelling of the lower extremities, and discomfort or pain in the pelvic area may also indicate prostate cancer.
Diagnosis
Routine screening for prostate cancer, which usually detects problems, should be done starting at age 50 or even earlier, according to the Mayo Clinic. Screening usually includes a digital rectal exam or a prostate-specific antigen test. If prostate cancer is a possibility, an ultrasound or a biopsy of prostate tissue may also be conducted. If the prostate cancer is advanced, a bone scan, ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be done.
Treatment
Treatment of prostate cancer depends of the stage, the grade, age, symptoms and general health. All options should be discussed with a medical professional, according to the National Cancer Institute. Active surveillance may be warranted for tumors that may not be malignant. Surgery can be done to remove the cancer cells. Other options include radiation therapy, freezing the prostate tissue, high-intensity heat, hormone therapy and chemotherapy.
Risk Factors and Prevention
Some risk factors, such as increased age (over 65), African American ethnicity, and family history of prostate cancer, are preventable. However, some precautions for prevention should be followed for all men, with or without risk factors. The Prostate Cancer Foundation recommends following a healthy diet, staying physically active and avoiding smoking. The Mayo Clinic also states that obese men diagnosed with prostate cancer are more difficult to treat as the disease is likely to be advanced at diagnosis. Maintaining a healthy weight promotes early detection.
