A tattoo machine is a hand-held device used to imprint ink designs permanently on the skin. While people have performed tattoos and other types of body art for centuries, the tattoo machine itself is a relatively new invention, and is still being perfected and updated. These machines are largely used in tattoo parlors, though some artists use them at home. Tattoo machines allow users to create finely detailed images with high quality design and coloring.
History
According to Tattoo Archive, the tattoo machine can be traced back to Thomas Edison, who invented a colored printing device in 1876. Edison's machine used a fine needle and stencils to transfer images and shapes onto paper. In 1891, American Samuel O'Reilly patented the first tattoo machine based off of Edison's basic design. O'Reilly's design was battery operated and featured a small ink reservoir built into the device itself. By 1929, Percy Waters had created and patented a tattoo machine similar to modern designs. It featured an on-off switch as well as variable stroke adjustment and interchangeable tubes.
Types
Tattoo artists can choose from four basic types of machines. The basic liner uses a circular pattern of needles to form outlines or create fine lines. Shaders are heavier than liner and contain a more complicated operating mechanism used to apply colors over large areas. Combination liners and shaders perform both of these function, and use interchangeable tubes and needles depending on the type of tattoo design. Rotary models use a wheel mechanism instead of the modern coil design. They are relatively quiet compared to other machines, but are no longer widely used.
Function
To apply a tattoo, artists must use battery packs or wall plugs to power the tattoo machine. A series of electromagnetic coils within the device creates an alternating motion that moves the needle up and down to deliver ink deep within the skin. The artist manually dips the needle into ink cups or reservoirs, then rinses and dips again to change colors as needed. A series of foot pedals can be used to switch the unit on and off, while additional controls are often located on the machine itself. Tattoo machines require cleaning to prevent disease and infection, and also to remove ink splatters that could affect the machine's operation.
Features
Tattoo machines come in many different sizes, and must be carefully chosen to fit the hands of the artist. A grip is situated at one end of the machine, and is used for holding the needles in place during the tattooing process. Artists change needles frequently based on design and application, and needles may be round or flat at the end. The size and diameter of the needle is also changed based on the line thickness or type of tattoo.
Machines that feature a single-coil operating system offer less control over needle speed, depth and pressure than more expensive double-coil models. With a highly skilled and experienced artist, this difference in control and precision may not impact the design of the tattoo as much as it could with a new artist.
Safety
Those looking to get a tattoo should be aware of important safety requirements for tattoo guns and needles. The Columbia University Health Services Department recommends that tattoo artists use only brand new, sterilized needles. The package containing the needles should be opened and the needle should be inserted into the gun in front of the customer. All tattoo machines should be sterilized in an FDA-registered autoclave to prevent infection and the spread of bloodborne diseases. The San Francisco Medical Society's Safe Device Committee tests and certifies tattoo machines for safety and quality. Look for machines certified by this organization to help prevent the spread of disease.
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