Cancer developing in the colon, or upper part of the intestine, is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, explains MedlinePlus. The cancer is often grouped together with rectal cancer, and both disease processes are referred to as colorectal cancer. The University of Utah points out that nearly 90 percent of colon cancer patients survive the disease after treatment. High risk factors for colon cancer include people over the age of 60, having a diet high in red or processed meat, and a history of colon or breast cancer. Staging colon cancer is critical to see how far the disease has progressed, as well as to determine what treatment options to use.
Stage One
Stage one is colon cancer that has grown beyond the inner muscular layer of the colon, or muscularis mucosa. According to the National Cancer Institute, the initial stage is also referred to as Dukes A colon cancer. Stages one through four of colon cancer require surgery to remove cancerous cells. The most common type of surgery performed is a colectomy, states MedlinePlus.
Stage Two
The second stage is divided into two groups, IIA and IIB. Colon cancer group IIA has grown beyond the outer layer of the colon's muscles. The cancer now reaches nearby tissues around the colon or rectum. During stage IIB, the cancer reaches nearby organs and, possibly, penetrates the peritoneum. The peritoneum is the tissue lining the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. However, the cancer has not spread to the lymphatic system. Some doctors recommend that patients get chemotherapy after surgery during stage two colon cancer; however, MedlinePlus states there is some debate if the process is necessary. Stage two colon cancer is often referred to as Dukes B colon cancer.
Stage Three
In stage three, the cancer continues to grow into the outer layer of the colon's muscle layers. Nearby organs are not yet affected by the cancer; however, lymph nodes are affected. MedlinePlus recommends that patients with stage three colon cancer receive chemotherapy for six to eight months after surgical removal of cancerous cells.
Stage Four
The cancer continues to grow and involves nearby organs in stage four. The most common organs affected by colon cancer are the liver or lungs, reports Novartis Oncology. Chemotherapy is often required to prolong survival and improve symptoms. Treating the affected organs, such as the liver, is also required for recovery.
