The process of tattooing injects inks underneath the surface layer of skin, making the design resistant to wear, water or detergents. Despite the permanency, tattoos can be removed using one of several techniques. Because the tattoo ink penetrates the epidermis, removal involves several sessions and the process may be ineffective for some types of tattoos.
Techniques
Laser surgery, dermabrasion or surgical excision remove tattoos, explains the Mayo Clinic. During laser surgery, a pulse of light of a specific wavelength determined by the color of the ink is aimed at the tattoo. The energy ruptures cells containing ink, releasing the ink to be resorbed by the surrounding tissues, says Melanie Grossman, M.D. Grossman is a clinical instructor of dermatology at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, and adviser to the website Patient's Guide. Dermabrasion uses an abrasive brush to rub off the outer layer of skin so the ink can seep out. New skin replaces the abraded area, according to the Mayo Clinic. Surgery, in which the tattooed skin is cut out with a scalpel, requires stitches to close the open wound.
Sessions
Each tattoo removal technique requires local anesthetic and all are done on an outpatient basis, according to the Mayo Clinic. You will apply antibacterial ointments after each type of procedure. Laser surgery sessions are short, says Grossman. Each pulse lasts only a few seconds, and 10 to 30 pulses are applied each session. Tattoos typically require six to 12 sessions spaced six to eight weeks apart to allow healing. The number of laser sessions depends on your age, and the size and color of the tattoo.
Effectiveness
The effectiveness of removal depends on the size and color of the tattoo. Surgical excision removes the complete tattoo but is appropriate only for small areas, according to the Mayo Clinic. Dermabrasion removes layers of skin but may not completely remove the tattoo. Laser surgery is less effective on darker skin tones and certain types and colors of inks, explains Grossman. Some types of ink darken when exposed to laser light, particularly white, light brown, pink and some red inks. Lasers are particularly effective for one-color tattoos, especially those using black ink.
Risks
Tattoo removal carries a risk of infection. Inflammation may occur after laser surgery sessions because the body may identify the leaching ink as a foreign invader, says Grossman. Permanent skin discoloration and scarring are possible side effects, and scarring is likely after surgical excision, says the Mayo Clinic.
Considerations
Consult a dermatologist if you are considering tattoo removal, suggests the Mayo Clinic. Do not attempt to remove a tattoo by yourself or by using someone who is not a professional. Creams and other home remedies that promise to fade tattoos are ineffective.
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