Aspiration pneumonia is a specific variant of pneumonia caused by inhalation of a noxious substance. Accidental inhalation of stomach contents is a frequent cause of aspiration pneumonia. Impaired consciousness is a major risk factor for aspiration pneumonia. Head injury, seizure, stroke, general anesthesia and drug or alcohol-induced stupor are frequent contributing factors. Gastroesophageal reflux disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis also pose an increased risk. Aspiration pneumonia is a serious condition with some distinctive symptoms that differentiate it from other forms of pneumonia.
Shortness of Breath and Cyanosis
The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center reports shortness of breath is a common symptom of aspiration pneumonia. The chemicals in inhaled gastric contents, food or other substances may cause direct lung injury, in addition to introducing bacteria into the lungs. The combined effects of pneumonia and chemical injury can cause profound shortness of breath and distress. Lack of sufficient oxygen in the tissues may cause a bluish tint to the skin, which is known as cyanosis. Respiratory distress and cyanosis constitute a medical emergency.
Wheezing
Wheezing is a frequent symptom of aspiration pneumonia, notes the University of Maryland Medical Center. Direct injury to the upper airways and accompanying swelling precipitates wheezing. Particles of food can also clog the airways, contributing to wheezing. "The Merck Manual for Healthcare Professionals" explains that lung abscess--a walled off area of infection containing bacteria, pus and inhaled material--may complicate aspiration pneumonia.
Cough with Foul Phlegm
"The Merck Manual for Healthcare Professionals" notes that a cough producing foul phlegm is a characteristic symptom of aspiration pneumonia. The phlegm is typically opaque, resembling a mixture of mucus and pus; it tastes and smells foul. The phlegm may contain streaks of blood.
Fever and Sweats
Fever is typically a prominent symptom of aspiration pneumonia, note Drs. D. Dugdale III, and J. Vyas on Medline Plus. Sweats may accompany this symptom.
Chest Pain
The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center notes chest pain may be a presenting symptom of aspiration pneumonia. Deep inhalation and cough trigger or worsen the pain in most people with this symptom.
Fatigue and Weight Loss
Fatigue and weight loss may occur with aspiration pneumonia, advises the University of Maryland Medical Center. Notably, aspiration pneumonia can occur without a known causative event, such as aspirating during a stroke or seizure. In an article on aspiration pneumonia in the elderly published in the journal Chest, Drs. P. Marik and D. Kaplan suggest swallowing difficulties in the elderly, with associated unrecognized aspiration of oral secretions, may be a contributing factor in community-acquired pneumonias.
