Allergies can be caused by a variety of things, from pollen to pet dander. Some allergies are merely annoying, while others may be life threatening. Although no true cure for allergies exists, a wide range of treatment options are available to reduce the symptoms and help the body better cope with allergens in the environment. The specific remedy chosen depends on the type and severity of the allergy, the specific symptoms exhibited and the preferences of the individual.
Antihistamines
Antihistamines work by blocking histamine, a compound produced as part of the immune response to allergens, according to the Mayo Clinic. Since histamines cause inflammation and leakage of fluid from the cells, antihistamines relieve allergy symptoms related to these effects. Many antihistamines can be purchased over the counter, including diphenhydramine , sold as Benadryl, and loratadine, sold under the brand names Claritin and Alavert. Some antihistamines, such as fexofenadine, which goes by the brand name Allegra, are available via prescription. Most antihistamines are taken in pill form, although some can be bought as a nasal spray or in eye drop form. Older antihistamines often caused drowsiness, but newer products don't have this side effect.
Decongestants
Over-the-counter decongestants are another option for relieving allergy symptoms. Typically available in pill or liquid form to be taken orally or as a nasal spray, they work by clearing the sinuses of congestion. One problem with decongestants is that they may cause side effects, such as high blood pressure and headache. Decongestants may also make symptoms worse if overused, according to Merck.
Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids are available as an oral medication or in nasal spray form. According to Medline Plus, nasal corticosteroids are the most effective medication for seasonal allergies. Nasal steroids are also extremely safe, but oral corticosteroids may produce side effects, such as osteoporosis or cataracts if used continually over a long time.
Other Medications
Cromolyn sodium, available as a nasal spray or eye drops, blocks the formation of histamines. The leukotriene modifier montelukast, sold as Singulair, works against compounds called leukotrienes that cause nasal congestion and mucus production. Ipratropium, a nasal spray sold under the brand name Atrovent, can be used to treat a runny nose caused by allergies. Omalizumab, sold as Xolair, binds to the antibody immunoglobulin E, which is produced in large amounts by the immune system as a reaction to allergens.
Nasal Flush
A nasal flush, also called nasal irrigation, can be used to clear out the sinuses and prevent secondary infections in inflamed sinus tissues. Simple and effective, nasal irrigation can be done using a commercial saline solution or one prepared at home with salt and water. Spray bulbs, neti pots or commercial sprays may be used to get the solution into the nasal cavity.
Allergy Shots
Allergy shots, also known as immunotherapy, is based on the idea that by injecting a person with tiny doses of allergen, the immune system can be taught to not react as strongly whenever it encounters that allergen in nature, explains the Mayo Clinic. Allergy shots are usually given over three to five years.
