A bunion is a lump of bone on the outside of the base of the big toe. When the big toe joint moves out of place, it becomes enlarged, stiff and sore. Because this joint bears much of the body's weight, bunions can become extremely painful if they are not treated. Bunions may be caused by tight shoes, stress on the foot, or by a medical condition such as arthritis. They may also be inherited.
Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the pain and deformity caused by the bunion. Early treatment may reduce the risk of developing joint deformities.
Home Remedies
Bunions often require no medical treatment. Patients may find relief with at-home remedies such as commercial bunion pads, ice packs and foot soaks. Since tight and high-heeled shoes can cause bunions, a switch to wider, more comfortable footwear can reduce pain and prevent further deformity.
Conservative Therapy
If home remedies are not effective, medical care may be necessary. Health care providers focus first on relieving pain and preventing further deformity, so the first step is often padding the bunion and taping the foot into a normal position, according to MayoClinic.com. Physical therapy may be ordered to relieve pain and inflammation.
Medications
Over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen or naproxen can help to relieve bunion pain. Cortisone injections may be prescribed for acute pain and inflammation, reports the American Podiatric Medicine Association.
Orthotics
Orthotics, or shoe inserts, can help control abnormal movement of the foot, reduce pain and prevent the bunion from getting worse. Over-the-counter shoe inserts are available, but may not be as effective as those prescribed by a podiatrist.
Surgery
If early treatments fail, reports the American Podiatric Medical Association, surgery may become necessary to relieve pressure and repair the toe joint. A simple bunionectomy, in which only the bony prominence is removed, may be sufficient for less severe cases. Severe bunions may require a more complex procedure that involves cutting the bone and realigning the joint. Recuperation from surgery may take several weeks.
