Allergy shots, also called immunotherapy, involve a process of injecting small amounts of an allergen over a three- to five-year period into a person to cause the immune system to create a tolerance for the allergen, according to the MayoClinic.com. Most people see a significant decrease in their allergy symptoms after the completion of the treatment.
Function
The body releases Immunoglobulin E, an antibody aimed at fighting off the allergen, which causing allergy symptoms such as watery eyes, nose irritation and skin rashes. Allergy shots use a small amount of the allergen to cause a minor release of these antibodies. Over time, the amount of the allergen is slowly increased, causing less and less IgE to be released into the body, according to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology.
Effectiveness
FamilyDoctor.org states that allergy shots are not for everyone and are not effective on all types of allergic reactions. Allergy shots are the most effective on people who suffer from allergies to pollen, bee stings and certain drugs. Allergy shots are not effective with food allergies. Each treatment is engineered on an individual basis. Some people may have success in after a few years of treatment, while others may not see any improvement.
Risks
MayoClinic.com notes that most people are not at serious risk when undergoing allergy shot treatment. A person is observed by the doctor for 30 minutes after receiving the shot, to ensure safety. Some side effect risks may include local skin reactions, such as redness, bumps or swelling. A systematic allergic reaction, which involves the whole body--as opposed to the local reaction--is also a risk with allergy shots. Systemic reactions can develop into a severe allergic reaction, or anaphylaxis, if not treated. Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction, characterized by widespread swelling, difficulty breathing, shock, and possibly death.
Considerations
People with severe asthma or heart issues should not participate in allergy shot treatment. An individual should disclose all drug and medical history to her doctor before beginning treatment. Children under the age of five should not participate in allergy shots, according to FamilyDoctor.org. Someone who is pregnant or could become pregnant should not begin allergy shots.
Failure
Allergy shots are closely monitored by an allergist who will determine if the allergy shots are effective or not. If the treatment fails, FamilyDoctor.org states that a doctor may recommend stopping the treatment and implementing lifestyle changes, such as avoiding the allergen and taking a daily oral antihistamine.
