Alcohol is a depressant drug used for its mood-altering effects. It is sold over-the-counter in restaurants, bars and other public venues and can be purchased by anyone 21 years of age or older. Alcohol plays a role in many motor vehicle accidents, violent crimes and overdose deaths worldwide and is among the most widely abused substances in the world. Despite its legal status, alcohol can cause disturbing changes in the mind and body when used irresponsibly. Understanding the facts about alcohol can help prevent unnecessary harm associated with the substance.
Prevalence
Alcohol abuse is a pervasive problem in many parts of the world. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 50 percent of adults classified themselves as regular drinkers, consuming 12 or more drinks in the year 2008. Even more disturbing is the fact that nearly a third of 12- to 17-year-olds in the U.S. reported drinking alcohol on one or more occasions in the same year. In addition, alcohol was involved in more emergency room visits in 2008 than any other singular substance.
Short-Term Effects
In moderation, alcohol's effects are mild and include reduced muscle tension, lowered inhibitions and mental relaxation. In larger doses, alcohol can cause slurred speech, loss of coordination and unpredictable mood swings characterized by unprovoked crying, aggression and violent outbursts. Alcohol poisoning can occur when alcohol is consumed in excess. Symptoms include vomiting, loss of consciousness, coma and death.
Long-Term Effects
Long term, frequent use of alcohol in moderate to high doses can cause serious health consequences. Physically, alcohol can damage the liver and may lead to cirrhosis, which increases the risk for developing liver cancer. It may also affect the gastrointestinal system by causing diarrhea, vomiting, cramping and other problems.
The brain bears much of the damage caused by alcohol abuse. According to Washington University, alcohol abuse often leads to thiamine deficiency and a condition known as Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome---a permanent brain disease characterized by severe impairment of cognition and coordination.
Alcohol damages the brain's frontal lobes and can decrease overall brain size when consumed in excess for long periods of time. Other potential long-term effects include dementia, gastrointestinal bleeding and physical dependency.
Secondary Risks
Because alcohol impairs motor coordination and cognition, it can increase the risk of self-injury and other secondary effects. People under the influence of alcohol may be more likely to engage in risky behaviors such as unprotected sex, reckless driving or other high-risk activities due to the loss of inhibitions it can cause.
Alcohol use is a factor in many cases of domestic violence, rape and assault. Legal and financial problems can also stem from alcohol-related incidents such as driving under the influence, public intoxication and underage drinking.
Prevention/Solution
The only way to completely avoid the harmful effects of alcohol is to abstain from using it altogether. Drinking in moderation at home or in social settings is unlikely to cause harm, though problems often arise when driving or engaging in other potentially dangerous activities. If you or someone you know may have a problem with alcohol abuse, seek professional help promptly to prevent devastating complications.
