The typhoid disease originates from a bacteria called salmonella typhi, normally found in contaminated water and food sources in underdeveloped countries. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC recommends a typhoid vaccination for those planning to travel to typhoid-endemic areas. There are currently two types of typhoid vaccinations administered in the United States: an oral live-attenuated vaccine and an inactivated typhoid injection. Both typhoid vaccines activate an immune response, which builds protection against the disease. Both vaccines also have various side effects that may affect those vaccinated.
Fever and Headache
The National Network for Immunization Information, NNII lists headache and fever as two common side effects associated with both typhoid vaccinations. These symptoms affect 1 percent of those who receive the injection and 5 percent of those who receive the oral vaccine. The CDC reports that 21 to 23 percent of individuals inoculated missed a day of school or work due to these symptoms. Acetaminophen and ibuprofen can be taken as a means to effectively reduce fever and alleviate pain. It's important to note that prior to taking any medication, patients should become familiar with information contained in the package insert and instructions provided by a pharmacist or physician. Soaking in lukewarm water may also act as a fever reducer, as it aids in the decrease of body temperature. Use only lukewarm water; soaking in cold water can induce shivering, which can actually increase body temperature. Notify a health care provider if symptoms do not subside or worsen.
Local Reactions
Per the CDC, minor local reactions occur in approximately 7 percent of those who receive the inactivated typhoid injection. Classic local reaction symptoms such as pain, inflammations, swelling and tenderness can last anywhere from 48 to 72 hours after inoculation. Prescribed and over-the-counter medications such as ibuprofen and acetaminophen can soothe these undesirable side effects. A cold compress at injection site may also reduce irritation. Notify a health care provider if symptoms persist longer than 72 hours.
Nausea and Vomiting
1 percent of those who take the oral vaccine may experience nausea and vomiting immediately after consumption. To prevent and ease gastrointestinal symptoms, avoid spicy and fattening foods. Small meals spaced throughout the day may also aid in the relief of these symptoms. To treat dehydration caused by severe vomiting, increase water and fluid intake and notify a health care provider who can better determine if medical intervention is needed.
References
- National Network for Immunization Information (NNII): Typhoid Vaccine
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Typhoid Vaccine Information Statement
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Typhoid Immunization Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)
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